Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَكْتُبُ is an action unfolding now: 'write', from the root كتب: to write, prescribe, decree; book, scripture. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَكْتُبُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'write', from the root كتب: to write, prescribe, decree; book, scripture. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. يَكْتُبُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — يَكْتُبُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that doer, 'they', the writers; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): ٱلْكِتَـٰبَ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. كِتَٰبَ names such a thing: 'the book', from the root كتب: to write, prescribe, decree; book, scripture. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. ٱلْكِتَـٰبَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. كِتَٰبَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ on the ب of كِتَٰبَ. 'The book' is what their writing lands on — a book of their own making. L9 · R3

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِأَيْدِيهِمْ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. أَيْدِي names such a thing: 'with their (own) hands', from the root يدي: a hand. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. أَيْدِي is a plural built by reshaping its word from the inside rather than by adding an ending, and it wears no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — yet Arabic treats it as feminine: 'with their (own) hands'. L2 · R2

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more, made either by adding an ending or by reshaping the word from the inside — a 'broken' plural. أَيْدِي is such a reshaped plural of يَد 'hand': 'hands'. L2 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, usually a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. أَيْدِي is pulled into that role by the بِ at its front, but it closes on a long ي, a shape that cannot carry the changing mark — so the genitive here is the role it fills, not a mark on show. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; attached to a naming word, it shows possession. The ending هِمْ on بِأَيْدِيهِمْ stands for 'their': THEIR OWN hands. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending هِمْ fills that owner slot: 'the hands OF them'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. ثُمَّ · 'then' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a particle that joins words or sentences, and ثُمَّ means 'then' — the next thing after a gap. They write — THEN they make their claim about it. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَقُولُ is an action unfolding now: 'they say', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَقُولُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'they say', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. يَقُولُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of يَقُولُ is قول: to say, speak, tell — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — يَقُولُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that doer, 'they', the speakers; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Demonstrative Pronoun · اسم إشارةA demonstrative pronoun is a pointing word that singles out a specific thing, and هَٰذَا is the near pointing word: 'this' — the very book their hands wrote. L3 · R8

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the word a sentence opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. Inside their claim, هَٰذَا 'this' is that topic, completed by 'from Allah'; a pointing word keeps one fixed written shape, so the nominative is the role it fills. L6 · R2

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is what the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. The whole claim 'this is from Allah' is what their saying lands on, and هَٰذَا anchors it; a pointing word keeps one fixed written shape, so the accusative is the role it fills, not a mark on show. L9 · R3

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مِنْ · 'from/of' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. مِنْ · 'from/of' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. عِندِ names such a thing: 'from', from the root عند: near, with. L1 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. عِندِ stands right after such a little word, so its final letter carries exactly that kasrah ـِ: عِندِ. L2 · R12

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea — and in Arabic this includes proper names. ٱللَّهِ is a proper name: 'Allah'. L1 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, marked by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke written below the final letter. عِندِ and ٱللَّهِ form such a pair, 'from Allah', and as the owner-word of that pair, ٱللَّهِ ends with exactly that kasrah ـِ. L2 · R12

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهArabic says 'of' by chaining two nouns — two naming words — directly together: عِندِ ٱللَّهِ reads 'from — Allah'. The second word of such a chain, the owner, always takes the genitive — the after-'of' ending, shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter — and ٱللَّهِ ends with exactly that kasrah ـِ. L5 · R5

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix لِ at the front of لِيَشْتَرُوا۟ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'so that' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَشْتَرُ is an action unfolding now: 'to barter', from the root شري: to buy, to purchase, to sell. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb is the verb shape that opens with one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت; small helper words before it can bend its time and mood. يَشْتَرُ wears that present-tense shape, opening with exactly such a letter: 'to barter', from the root شري: to buy, to purchase, to sell. L8 · R3

Subjunctive Mood · الفعل المنصوبThe subjunctive is the mood a present tense verb takes after particles like أَنْ, لَنْ, كَيْ, and the purpose لِـ; for the masculine plural shape the marker is the DROPPING of the final نَ. يَشْتَرُوا۟ stands right after that purpose لِ, and its plural ending has lost that نَ — the full shape would end ـُونَ — exactly the subjunctive's sign. L10 · R4

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. لِيَشْتَرُوا۟ is one of them, but here its closing ن has dropped away — and for these five shapes that dropped ن is itself the grammar-sign: it marks the subjunctive mood, the bent form a governing word before it forces on the verb. L10 · R10

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of يَشْتَرُ is شري: to buy, to purchase, to sell — and its last letter is the weak ي, so the weakness sits at the very end of the root. L24 · R7

Form VIII Verb · اِفْتَعَلَA Form VIII verb tucks an extra ت inside, right after the first root letter, usually giving a do-it-for-oneself sense. لِيَشْتَرُوا۟ shows exactly that تَ after its first root letter ش: bartering to gain for themselves. L13 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. وا۟ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — لِيَشْتَرُوا۟ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ is that doer, 'they', the barterers; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِهِۦ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هِۦ 'it' — the book their hands wrote. Though the label reads it as a standalone word, it is written joined after the preposition بِ and works like the glued-on endings for 'his/it': 'with it'. L3 · R7

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. ثَمَنًا names such a thing: '(for) a price', from the root ثمن: eight, price. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. ثَمَنًۭا carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. ثَمَنًا carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: '(for) a price'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter — doubled here to the tanwīn ـً. ثَمَنًا ends in exactly that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the doubled fathah ـً at the end of ثَمَنًا. 'A price' is what their bartering aims to take in. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. قَلِيلًا names such a thing: 'little', from the root قلل: to be few, little, small in quantity or number. L1 · R6

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is a naming word left general — not pinned to one known thing by the definite article ال ('the') — and it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. قَلِيلًا carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled: 'little'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter — doubled here to the tanwīn ـً. قَلِيلًا ends in exactly that doubled fathah ـً, copying the ending of ثَمَنًا, the word it describes. L2 · R11

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that comes after its naming word — the opposite of English order. قَلِيلًا follows ثَمَنًا 'a price' and copies its ending: both carry the doubled fathah ـً, indefinite and accusative alike — 'a price — a LITTLE one'. L7 · R1

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix فَ · 'then' at the front of فَوَيْلٌۭ opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1

Noun · اسمA word that accepts the changing final vowel marks — the ḍammah ـُ (a small curl above the letter), the fathah ـَ (a small stroke above), the kasrah ـِ (a small stroke below) — is a noun, a naming word. وَيْلٌ takes such endings: 'So woe'. L1 · R5

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. فَوَيْلٌۭ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. وَيْلٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ — the ḍammah ـُ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'So woe'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or main topic of a sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter — or its doubled form ـٌ. وَيْلٌ ends in that doubled ḍammah ـٌ. L2 · R10

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a sentence opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, shown here by the doubled ḍammah ـٌ on وَيْلٌ. 'Woe' is the topic, and 'to them' completes it: woe IS theirs. L6 · R2

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix لَّ at the front of لَّهُم is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'to/for' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هُم 'them'. Though the label reads it as a standalone word, it is written joined after the preposition لَّ and works like the glued-on endings for 'their/them', naming those the woe is for: 'to them'. L3 · R7

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مِّ · 'from/of' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. مِّ · 'from/of' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a whole describing sentence onto its meaning. مَّا · 'for what' is the relative word Arabic uses for non-human things — 'what' or 'that which' — one fixed shape for any gender and any number: its ending never changes to show its job in the sentence. L5 · R13

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. كَتَبَتْ speaks of an action already carried out: 'have written', from the root كتب: to write, prescribe, decree; book, scripture. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes what already happened, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending تْ — the 'she' marker, capped with the sukūn ـْ, the small circle meaning its sound stops there — sits on كَتَبَتْ: 'it wrote', speaking of the hands as 'she'. L8 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. أَيْدِي names such a thing: 'their hands', from the root يدي: a hand. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. أَيْدِي is a plural built by reshaping its word from the inside rather than by adding an ending, and it wears no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — yet Arabic treats it as feminine: 'their hands'. L2 · R2

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more, made either by adding an ending or by reshaping the word from the inside — a 'broken' plural. أَيْدِي is such a reshaped plural of يَد 'hand': 'hands'. L2 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject of its sentence, usually a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. أَيْدِي closes on a long ي, a shape that cannot carry that changing mark — so the nominative here is the role it fills as the doer, not a mark on show. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action in a verb-first sentence, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. 'Their hands' are what did the writing; the word's fixed long ي ending shows no mark, so the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; attached to a naming word, it shows possession. The ending هِمْ on أَيْدِيهِمْ stands for 'their': THEIR hands. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending هِمْ fills that owner slot: 'the hands OF them'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَوَيْلٌۭ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Noun · اسمA word that accepts the changing final vowel marks — the ḍammah ـُ (a small curl above the letter), the fathah ـَ (a small stroke above), the kasrah ـِ (a small stroke below) — is a noun, a naming word. وَيْلٌ takes such endings: 'and woe'. L1 · R5

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. وَوَيْلٌۭ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. وَيْلٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ — the ḍammah ـُ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'and woe'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or main topic of a sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter — or its doubled form ـٌ. وَيْلٌ ends in that doubled ḍammah ـٌ. L2 · R10

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a sentence opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, shown here by the doubled ḍammah ـٌ on وَيْلٌ. This second 'woe' is again the topic, and 'to them' completes it. L6 · R2

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix لَّ at the front of لَّهُم is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'to/for' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هُم 'them'. Though the label reads it as a standalone word, it is written joined after the preposition لَّ and works like the glued-on endings for 'their/them', naming those the woe is for: 'to them'. L3 · R7

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مِّ · 'from/of' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. مِّ · 'from/of' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a whole describing sentence onto its meaning. مَّا · 'for what' is the relative word Arabic uses for non-human things — 'what' or 'that which' — one fixed shape for any gender and any number: its ending never changes to show its job in the sentence. L5 · R13

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَكْسِبُ is an action unfolding now: 'they earn', from the root كسب: to earn, acquire (deeds, actions, consequences). L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَكْسِبُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'they earn', from the root كسب: to earn, acquire (deeds, actions, consequences). L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. يَكْسِبُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — يَكْسِبُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that doer, 'they', the earners; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4