Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَكْتُبُ names an action — writing — from the root كتب: to write, prescribe, decree. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يَكْتُبُونَ opens with the letter يَ — the 'they' prefix — standing before the root letters: 'they write'. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself is the mood sign: kept, it marks the normal mood; dropped, it marks a trimmed mood. يَكْتُبُونَ is one of those five shapes, and its نَ is kept — the normal, untrimmed mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending ونَ on يَكْتُبُونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'they'. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that doer, 'they', the writers; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a naming word to mean 'the'. ٱلْكِتَٰبَ wears that prefix, and its ل keeps its own sound, written with the sukūn ـْ — the small circle meaning no vowel follows: al-kitāb, 'the book'. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. كِتَٰبَ names the book, from the root كتب — to write, prescribe, decree; book, scripture. L1 · R1

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. كِتَٰبَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ on the ب of كِتَٰبَ. 'The book' is what their writing lands on — a book of their own making. L9 · R3

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix بِ 'with' is one of the common prepositions: write 'WITH their hands'. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or body part. أَيْدِي names hands, from the root يدي — a hand. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثSome naming words are grammatically 'she' — feminine — without any visible marker and must be memorized, among them the paired parts of the body, like يَد 'hand'. أَيْدِي, hands, is the plural of exactly that word. L2 · R2

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more, made either by adding an ending or by reshaping the word from the inside — a 'broken' plural. أَيْدِي is such a reshaped plural of يَد 'hand': 'hands'. L2 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, usually a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. أَيْدِي is pulled into that role by the بِ at its front, but it closes on a long ي, a shape that cannot carry the changing mark — so the genitive here is the role it fills, not a mark on show. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; attached to a naming word, it shows possession. The ending هِمْ on بِأَيْدِيهِمْ stands for 'their': THEIR OWN hands. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending هِمْ fills that owner slot: 'the hands OF them'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. ثُمَّ is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a particle that joins words or sentences, and ثُمَّ means 'then' — the next thing after a gap. They write — THEN they make their claim about it. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَقُولُ names an action — saying — from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يَقُولُونَ opens with the letter يَ — the 'they' prefix — standing before the root letters: 'they say'. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself is the mood sign: kept, it marks the normal mood; dropped, it marks a trimmed mood. يَقُولُونَ is one of those five shapes, and its نَ is kept — the normal, untrimmed mood. L10 · R10

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, hidden in some shapes and revealed in others: the past قَالَ hides its middle letter behind a long alif, and the present tense reveals it. يَقُولُونَ shows that true middle letter و of the root قول in plain view. L24 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending ونَ on يَقُولُونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'they'. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that doer, 'they', the speakers; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Demonstrative Pronoun · اسم إشارةA demonstrative pronoun is a pointing word that singles out a specific thing, and هَٰذَا is the near pointing word: 'this' — the very book their hands wrote. L3 · R8

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the word a sentence opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. Inside their claim, هَٰذَا 'this' is that topic, completed by 'from Allah'; a pointing word keeps one fixed written shape, so the nominative is the role it fills. L6 · R2

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is what the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. The whole claim 'this is from Allah' is what their saying lands on, and هَٰذَا anchors it; a pointing word keeps one fixed written shape, so the accusative is the role it fills, not a mark on show. L9 · R3

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِنْ is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'from' is one of the common prepositions: 'FROM the presence of Allah'. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA word whose final vowel mark changes with its job in the sentence is a noun, a naming word — even a little place word like this one. عِندِ means 'the presence of, at', from the root عند — near, with. L1 · R5

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. عِندِ ends in exactly that kasrah ـِ, pulled into it by the preposition مِنْ before it. L2 · R12

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or idea — including proper names. ٱللَّهِ is the proper name of Allah. L1 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. ٱللَّهِ ends in exactly that kasrah ـِ as the second word of 'the presence OF Allah'. L2 · R12

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, the kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. ٱللَّهِ fills that owner slot after عِندِ, wearing that very kasrah: 'the presence OF Allah' — the false claim of their book's source. L5 · R5

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another. The prefix لِ 'to/for' here carries the sense 'so that', tying the writing and the claim to their motive: to barter it away. L4 · R2

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَشْتَرُ names an action — bartering, exchanging — from the root شري: to buy, to purchase, to sell. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. After the لِ, the verb opens with the letter يَ — the 'they' prefix — standing before the rest: 'they barter'. L8 · R3

Subjunctive Mood · الفعل المنصوبThe subjunctive is the mood a present tense verb takes after particles like أَنْ, لَنْ, كَيْ, and the purpose لِـ; for the masculine plural shape the marker is the DROPPING of the final نَ. يَشْتَرُوا۟ stands right after that purpose لِ, and its plural ending has lost that نَ — the full shape would end ـُونَ — exactly the subjunctive's sign. L10 · R4

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself is the mood sign: kept, it marks the normal mood; dropped, it marks a trimmed mood. يَشْتَرُوا۟ belongs to those five shapes, and its نَ is dropped — the sign that a mood-changing word, here the purpose لِ, stands before it. L10 · R10

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters; when the weak letter is the LAST root letter, the verb is the defective type, and that letter loves to slip away. يَشْتَرُوا۟ is the root شري — its final weak ي does not show here at all; the word closes straight onto the 'they' ending وا۟. L24 · R7

Form VIII Verb · اِفْتَعَلَA Form VIII verb tucks an extra ت inside, right after the first root letter, usually giving a do-it-for-oneself sense. لِيَشْتَرُوا۟ shows exactly that تَ after its first root letter ش: bartering to gain for themselves. L13 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on لِيَشْتَرُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'they'. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ is that doer, 'they', the barterers; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix بِ 'with' is one of the common prepositions: exchange 'with it' — trade it away. L4 · R2

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هِۦ 'it' — the book their hands wrote. Though the label reads it as a standalone word, it is written joined after the preposition بِ and works like the glued-on endings for 'his/it': 'with it'. L3 · R7

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel mark ـً — is a noun, a naming word. ثَمَنًا names a price, from the root ثمن — price. L1 · R2

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one — no particular one named — and is marked by tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel. ثَمَنًا ends in the doubled fathah ـً: 'a price'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter — doubled here to the tanwīn ـً. ثَمَنًا ends in exactly that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the doubled fathah ـً at the end of ثَمَنًا. 'A price' is what their bartering aims to take in. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel mark ـً — is a noun, a naming word; Arabic counts describing words like this among its naming words. قَلِيلًا means 'little', from the root قلل: to be few, little, small in quantity. L1 · R2

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is general — not one named instance — and is marked by tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel. قَلِيلًا ends in the doubled fathah ـً, matching the 'a price' it describes. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter — doubled here to the tanwīn ـً. قَلِيلًا ends in exactly that doubled fathah ـً, copying the ending of ثَمَنًا, the word it describes. L2 · R11

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that comes after its naming word — the opposite of English order. قَلِيلًا follows ثَمَنًا 'a price' and copies its ending: both carry the doubled fathah ـً, indefinite and accusative alike — 'a price — a LITTLE one'. L7 · R1

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or shift. The prefix فَ here opens the sentence of doom anew. L14 · R1

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel mark ـٌ — is a noun, a naming word. وَيْلٌ names woe — ruin itself, as a thing. L1 · R2

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is general — not one named instance — and is marked by tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel. وَيْلٌ ends in the doubled ḍammah ـٌ: woe, unbounded by any 'the'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or main topic of a sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter — or its doubled form ـٌ. وَيْلٌ ends in that doubled ḍammah ـٌ. L2 · R10

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a sentence opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, shown here by the doubled ḍammah ـٌ on وَيْلٌ. 'Woe' is the topic, and 'to them' completes it: woe IS theirs. L6 · R2

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix لَّ 'to/for' is one of the common prepositions: woe 'TO them'. L4 · R2

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هُم 'them'. Though the label reads it as a standalone word, it is written joined after the preposition لَّ and works like the glued-on endings for 'their/them', naming those the woe is for: 'to them'. L3 · R7

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. The مِّ of مِّمَّا is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'from/of' is one of the common prepositions, written here as مِّ fused with the word after it: woe 'FOR what' their hands wrote. L4 · R2

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a whole describing sentence onto what it stands for, and مَا is the form for non-human things: 'that which'. The مَّا of مِّمَّا carries the sentence 'their hands have written'. L5 · R13

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. كَتَبَتْ names an action — writing — from the root كتب: to write, prescribe, decree. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes what already happened, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending تْ — the 'she' marker, capped with the sukūn ـْ, the small circle meaning its sound stops there — sits on كَتَبَتْ: 'it wrote', speaking of the hands as 'she'. L8 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or body part. أَيْدِي names hands, from the root يدي — a hand. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثSome naming words are grammatically 'she' — feminine — without any visible marker and must be memorized, among them the paired parts of the body, like يَد 'hand'. أَيْدِي, hands, is the plural of exactly that word — which is why the verb before it wears the 'she' ending تْ. L2 · R2

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more, made either by adding an ending or by reshaping the word from the inside — a 'broken' plural. أَيْدِي is such a reshaped plural of يَد 'hand': 'hands'. L2 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject of its sentence, usually a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. أَيْدِي closes on a long ي, a shape that cannot carry that changing mark — so the nominative here is the role it fills as the doer, not a mark on show. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action in a verb-first sentence, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. 'Their hands' are what did the writing; the word's fixed long ي ending shows no mark, so the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; attached to a naming word, it shows possession. The ending هِمْ on أَيْدِيهِمْ stands for 'their': THEIR hands. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending هِمْ fills that owner slot: 'the hands OF them'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a particle that joins words or sentences, and the joined word takes the same ending as the one before the joining. The prefix وَ 'and' joins this second woe to the first — both وَيْلٌ carry the same doubled ḍammah ـٌ. L4 · R4

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel mark ـٌ — is a noun, a naming word. وَيْلٌ names woe — ruin itself, as a thing. L1 · R2

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is general — not one named instance — and is marked by tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel. وَيْلٌ ends in the doubled ḍammah ـٌ: woe, unbounded by any 'the'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or main topic of a sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter — or its doubled form ـٌ. وَيْلٌ ends in that doubled ḍammah ـٌ. L2 · R10

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a sentence opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, shown here by the doubled ḍammah ـٌ on وَيْلٌ. This second 'woe' is again the topic, and 'to them' completes it. L6 · R2

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix لَّ 'to/for' is one of the common prepositions: woe 'TO them'. L4 · R2

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هُم 'them'. Though the label reads it as a standalone word, it is written joined after the preposition لَّ and works like the glued-on endings for 'their/them', naming those the woe is for: 'to them'. L3 · R7

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. The مِّ of مِّمَّا is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'from/of' is one of the common prepositions, written here as مِّ fused with the word after it: woe 'FOR what' they earn. L4 · R2

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a whole describing sentence onto what it stands for, and مَا is the form for non-human things: 'that which'. The مَّا of مِّمَّا carries the sentence 'they earn'. L5 · R13

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَكْسِبُ names an action — earning — from the root كسب: to earn, acquire. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يَكْسِبُونَ opens with the letter يَ — the 'they' prefix — standing before the root letters: 'they earn'. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself is the mood sign: kept, it marks the normal mood; dropped, it marks a trimmed mood. يَكْسِبُونَ is one of those five shapes, and its نَ is kept — the normal, untrimmed mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending ونَ on يَكْسِبُونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'they'. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that doer, 'they', the earners; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4