Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. لَا · 'not/no' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle flips a statement to its opposite, and لَا is the one used with present-tense verbs. Here it denies their knowing: they do NOT know the Scripture. L4 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَعْلَمُ is an action unfolding now: 'know', from the root علم: to know, knowledge. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَعْلَمُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'know', from the root علم: to know, knowledge. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. يَعْلَمُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — يَعْلَمُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that doer, 'they'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): ٱلْكِتَـٰبَ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. كِتَٰبَ names such a thing: 'the book', from the root كتب: to write, prescribe, decree; book, scripture. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. ٱلْكِتَـٰبَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. كِتَٰبَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ on the ب of كِتَٰبَ. 'The Scripture' is what their knowing fails to land on. L9 · R3

Exception Particle · أداة الاستثناءAn exception particle carves something out of a general statement, and إِلَّا 'except' is the primary one; after a 'not', the pair narrows to 'only'. Here it carves out the one thing they hold instead of knowledge: nothing of the Book EXCEPT wishful thinking. L19 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or idea. أَمَانِىَّ names wishes — wishful thinking — from the root مني: to wish, to desire; wishful thinking. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more, made either by adding an ending or by reshaping the word from the inside — a 'broken' plural. أَمَانِىَّ is such a reshaped plural of أُمْنِيَّة 'a wish': many wishes, wishful imaginings. L2 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. أَمَانِىَّ ends in exactly that fathah, sitting on its doubled ى — the form it wears as the thing carved out by إِلَّآ 'except'. L2 · R11

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix وَ · 'and' at the front of وَإِنْ opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. إِنْ · 'not' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle flips a statement to its opposite, and which little word does the negating depends on the sentence. Here إِنْ serves as that 'not': paired with إِلَّا 'except' after it, the whole reads 'they are NOT anything except guessing'. L4 · R5

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I/you/he/she/they'. هُمْ is the 'they' of that set — the unlettered ones just described. L3 · R2

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the word a sentence opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. هُمْ 'they' is that topic; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the nominative is the role it fills. L6 · R2

Exception Particle · أداة الاستثناءAn exception particle carves something out of a general statement, and إِلَّا 'except' is the primary one; after a 'not', the pair narrows to 'only'. With the إِنْ 'not' before it, everything is denied of them EXCEPT one thing — guessing: they are ONLY assuming. L19 · R2

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَظُنُّ is an action unfolding now: 'guess', from the root ظنن: to think, suppose, assume; to be certain, conviction. L1 · R7

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that completes the meaning about the topic — and it can itself be a whole verb-sentence, which then carries the information with no separate 'is' implied. The sentence يَظُنُّونَ 'they guess' is exactly that, completing the topic هُمْ: they — they only guess. L6 · R6

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَظُنُّ opens with exactly such a letter: 'guess', from the root ظنن: to think, suppose, assume; to be certain, conviction. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. يَظُنُّونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Doubled Verb · فعل مضاعفA doubled verb is one whose second and third root letters are the same letter, written once with the doubling shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped mark. The root ظنن repeats its ن, and يَظُنُّونَ shows that shaddah ـّ on the ن. L24 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — يَظُنُّونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that doer, 'they', the guessers; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4