Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. لَا is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle flips a statement to its opposite, and لَا is the one used with present-tense verbs. Here it denies their knowing: they do NOT know the Scripture. L4 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَعْلَمُ names an inner action — knowing — from the root علم: to know, knowledge. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يَعْلَمُونَ opens with the letter يَ — the 'they' prefix — standing before the root letters: 'they know'. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself is the mood sign: kept, it marks the normal mood; dropped, it marks a trimmed mood. يَعْلَمُونَ is one of those five shapes, and its نَ is kept — the normal mood, so this لَا states a fact rather than commanding. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending ونَ on يَعْلَمُونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'they'. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that doer, 'they'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a naming word to mean 'the' — one specific, known one. ٱلْكِتَٰبَ wears that prefix, and its ل keeps its own sound, written with the sukūn ـْ — the small circle meaning no vowel follows: al-kitāb, 'the Book'. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. كِتَٰبَ names the Book, the Scripture, from the root كتب — to write, prescribe, decree; book, scripture. L1 · R1

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. كِتَٰبَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ on the ب of كِتَٰبَ. 'The Scripture' is what their knowing fails to land on. L9 · R3

Exception Particle · أداة الاستثناءAn exception particle carves something out of a general statement, and إِلَّا 'except' is the primary one; after a 'not', the pair narrows to 'only'. Here it carves out the one thing they hold instead of knowledge: nothing of the Book EXCEPT wishful thinking. L19 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or idea. أَمَانِىَّ names wishes — wishful thinking — from the root مني: to wish, to desire; wishful thinking. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more, made either by adding an ending or by reshaping the word from the inside — a 'broken' plural. أَمَانِىَّ is such a reshaped plural of أُمْنِيَّة 'a wish': many wishes, wishful imaginings. L2 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. أَمَانِىَّ ends in exactly that fathah, sitting on its doubled ى — the form it wears as the thing carved out by إِلَّآ 'except'. L2 · R11

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or shift. The prefix وَ here opens the closing verdict on them. L14 · R1

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. إِنْ is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle flips a statement to its opposite, and which little word does the negating depends on the sentence. Here إِنْ serves as that 'not': paired with إِلَّا 'except' after it, the whole reads 'they are NOT anything except guessing'. L4 · R5

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I/you/he/she/they'. هُمْ is the 'they' of that set — the unlettered ones just described. L3 · R2

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the word a sentence opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. هُمْ 'they' is that topic; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the nominative is the role it fills. L6 · R2

Exception Particle · أداة الاستثناءAn exception particle carves something out of a general statement, and إِلَّا 'except' is the primary one; after a 'not', the pair narrows to 'only'. With the إِنْ 'not' before it, everything is denied of them EXCEPT one thing — guessing: they are ONLY assuming. L19 · R2

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَظُنُّ names an inner action — supposing — from the root ظنن: to think, suppose, assume. L1 · R7

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that completes the meaning about the topic — and it can itself be a whole verb-sentence, which then carries the information with no separate 'is' implied. The sentence يَظُنُّونَ 'they guess' is exactly that, completing the topic هُمْ: they — they only guess. L6 · R6

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يَظُنُّونَ opens with the letter يَ — the 'they' prefix — standing before the root letters: 'they assume'. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself is the mood sign: kept, it marks the normal mood; dropped, it marks a trimmed mood. يَظُنُّونَ is one of those five shapes, and its نَ is kept — the normal, untrimmed mood. L10 · R10

Doubled Verb · فعل مضاعفA doubled verb is one whose second and third root letters are the same letter, written once with the doubling shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped mark. The root ظنن repeats its ن, and يَظُنُّونَ shows that shaddah ـّ on the ن. L24 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending ونَ on يَظُنُّونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'they'. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that doer, 'they', the guessers; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4