Maṣdar Particle · حرف مصدريA maṣdar particle like أَنْ 'that/to' turns the verb clause after it into a single action-idea — 'that they believe' works like the one naming word 'their believing' — and it puts that verb into the subjunctive, the mood typically shown by a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke, or a dropped final نَ. Here that action-idea is the very thing being hoped for. L20 · R15

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يُؤْمِنُ names an action — believing — from the root امن: to believe, faith, security, trust. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يُؤْمِنُوا۟ opens with the letter يُ — the 'they' prefix — standing before the root letters: 'they would believe'. L8 · R3

Subjunctive Mood · الفعل المنصوبThe subjunctive is the mood a present tense verb takes after particles like أَنْ 'that/to'; for the masculine plural shape the marker is the DROPPING of the final نَ. يُؤْمِنُوا۟ stands right after أَن, and its plural ending has lost that نَ — the full shape would end ـُونَ — exactly the subjunctive's sign. L10 · R4

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself is the mood sign: kept, it marks the normal mood; dropped, it marks a trimmed mood. يُؤْمِنُوا۟ belongs to those five shapes, and its نَ is dropped — the sign that a mood-changing particle, here أَن, stands before it. L10 · R10

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) among its root letters, and the hamza's written seat changes with the surrounding vowels. In يُؤْمِنُوا۟ the root's hamza sits on a و-shaped seat as ؤ, capped with the sukūn ـْ — the small circle meaning its sound stops there. L24 · R11

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb adds a hamzah to the front of its past shape, and in the present tense this family is identified by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl — on the prefix letter. يُؤْمِنُوا۟ shows exactly that: its opening يُ carries the ḍammah ـُ, the present-tense signature of this form. L12 · R7

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on يُؤْمِنُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'they'. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ is that doer, 'they'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix لَ 'to/for' is one of the common prepositions: believe 'for you'. L4 · R2

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here كُمْ 'you all'. Though the label reads it as a standalone word, it is written joined after the preposition لَ and works like the glued-on endings for 'your/you', naming those the believing would be for: 'for you'. L3 · R7

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a particle that joins words or sentences. The prefix وَ 'and/while' joins the hard fact about them to the question: do you hope — while this is what a party of them did? L4 · R4

Certainty Particle (قَدْ) · حرف تحقيقThe certainty particle قَدْ before a past tense verb stresses that the action truly happened — 'certainly did'. قَدْ stands here before كَانَ 'there has been': a party of them truly used to do this. L20 · R16

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for a happening tied to a time. كَانَ speaks of being — 'there has been' — from the root كون: to be, exist, happen. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes what is already past; its base shape is the 'he' form with no ending added. كَانَ is that bare base shape: 'there was / there has been'. L8 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and a middle weak letter hides behind a long alif in the past tense — كَانَ 'he was' is really the root ك و ن. The long ا in its middle is the weak و in disguise. L24 · R4

Kāna Verb · كان وأخواتهاكَانَ and its sisters are incomplete verbs: they need both a topic and a completing part to finish their meaning — 'a party of them was' — WAS WHAT? Here the topic is فَرِيقٌ 'a party', and the completing part follows: 'hearing the words of Allah'. L18 · R1

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel mark ـٌ — is a noun, a naming word. فَرِيقٌ names a party, a group, from the root فرق — to separate, divide, distinguish; group. L1 · R2

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one — no particular one named — and is marked by tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel. فَرِيقٌ ends in the doubled ḍammah ـٌ: 'A party' of them, not all. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is an ending shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter — or its doubled form ـٌ. فَرِيقٌ ends in that doubled ḍammah ـٌ: it is the topic of كَانَ 'there has been', and كَانَ keeps its topic in this nominative form. L2 · R10

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِّنْ is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'from/of' is one of the common prepositions: a party 'OF them'. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; glued to a particle, it is governed by that particle. The ending هُمْ on مِّنْهُمْ stands for 'them'. L3 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَسْمَعُ names an action — hearing — from the root سمع: to hear. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يَسْمَعُونَ opens with the letter يَ — the 'they' prefix — standing before the root letters; paired with كَانَ 'there has been', it paints the hearing as repeated back then: they 'USED TO hear'. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself is the mood sign: kept, it marks the normal mood; dropped, it marks a trimmed mood. يَسْمَعُونَ is one of those five shapes, and its نَ is kept — the normal, untrimmed mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending ونَ on يَسْمَعُونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'they'. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that doer, 'they', the hearers; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Noun · اسمA word whose final vowel mark changes with its job in the sentence is a noun, a naming word. كَلَٰمَ names words, speech, from the root كلم — words, speech, to speak. L1 · R5

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. كَلَٰمَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ on the م of كَلَٰمَ. 'The words of Allah' are what the hearing landed on. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or idea — including proper names. ٱللَّهِ is the proper name of Allah. L1 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. ٱللَّهِ ends in exactly that kasrah ـِ as the second word of 'the words OF Allah'. L2 · R12

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, the kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. ٱللَّهِ fills that owner slot after كَلَٰمَ, wearing that very kasrah: 'the words OF Allah'. L5 · R5

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. ثُمَّ is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a particle that joins words or sentences, and ثُمَّ means 'then' — the next thing after a gap. They heard — THEN they distorted. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يُحَرِّفُ names an action — distorting — from the root حرف: to distort, turn away; edge, border. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يُحَرِّفُونَهُۥ opens with the letter يُ — the 'they' prefix — standing before the root letters: 'they distort'. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself is the mood sign: kept, it marks the normal mood; dropped, it marks a trimmed mood. يُحَرِّفُونَ is one of those five shapes — its نَ is kept, the normal mood — with 'it' then glued on after. L10 · R10

Form II Verb · فَعَّلَA Form II verb is identified by a shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped doubling mark — on the second root letter. يُحَرِّفُونَهُۥ shows that shaddah on the ر in its middle: the mark of this form. L12 · R7

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word — and this one verb carries two: the ونَ standing for 'they', and after it هُۥ standing for 'it', the heard word. One written word packs a whole sentence. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that doer, 'they', the distorters; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. The final هُۥ 'it' is that object, glued straight onto the verb — what they heard is the very thing they distort; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so the accusative is the role it fills. L9 · R5

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِنۢ is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'from/of' is one of the common prepositions, here opening 'from after' — that is, after. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA word whose final vowel mark changes with its job in the sentence is a noun, a naming word — even a little time word like this one. بَعْدِ names 'after', from the root بعد — after, distance, remoteness. L1 · R5

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. بَعْدِ ends in exactly that kasrah ـِ, pulled into it by the preposition مِنۢ before it. L2 · R12

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a whole describing sentence onto what it stands for, and مَا is the form for non-human things: 'that which'. This مَا carries the sentence 'they understood it': after that-which they understood. L5 · R13

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مَا fills that owner slot after بَعْدِ: 'after OF what they understood'; this little word keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. عَقَلُ names an inner action — understanding — from the root عقل, whose related meanings include to understand, comprehend. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending و — the 'they' marker — sits on عَقَلُوهُ: 'they understood'. L8 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word — and this one verb carries two: the و standing for 'they', and after it هُ standing for 'it', what was heard. One written word packs a whole sentence. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending و is that doer, 'they', the ones who understood; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. The final هُ 'it' is that object, glued straight onto the verb — the very thing they understood; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so the accusative is the role it fills. L9 · R5

Circumstantial Particle · واو الحالThe circumstantial particle is a وَ meaning 'while', and its identifying mark is that a complete sentence opening with a naming word or pronoun follows it. This وَ is followed by exactly that — هُمْ يَعْلَمُونَ 'they know' — describing the state they were in during the distorting: WHILE they knew. L14 · R3

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I/you/he/she/they'. هُمْ is the 'they' of that set — the distorters themselves. L3 · R2

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the word a sentence opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. هُمْ 'they' is that topic of the little sentence 'they know'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the nominative is the role it fills. L6 · R2

Circumstantial (Hāl) · الحالThe circumstantial describes the state someone was in while the action happened, and one of its forms is a whole topic-sentence introduced by the 'while' وَ — exactly the shape here: وَهُمْ يَعْلَمُونَ, 'while they know'. It answers 'in what state did they distort it?' — knowingly. L21 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَعْلَمُ names an inner action — knowing — from the root علم: to know, knowledge. L1 · R7

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that completes the meaning about the topic — and it can itself be a whole verb-sentence, which then carries the information with no separate 'is' implied. The sentence يَعْلَمُونَ 'they know' is exactly that, completing the topic هُمْ: they — they know. L6 · R6

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يَعْلَمُونَ opens with the letter يَ — the 'they' prefix — standing before the root letters: 'they know'. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself is the mood sign: kept, it marks the normal mood; dropped, it marks a trimmed mood. يَعْلَمُونَ is one of those five shapes, and its نَ is kept — the normal, untrimmed mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending ونَ on يَعْلَمُونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'they'. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that doer, 'they', the knowers; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4