Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِّنۢ is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'from/of' is one of the common prepositions, here opening 'from after that'. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA word whose final vowel mark changes with its job in the sentence is a noun, a naming word — even a little time word like this one. بَعْدِ names 'after', from the root بعد — after, distance, remoteness. L1 · R5

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. بَعْدِ ends in exactly that kasrah ـِ, pulled into it by the preposition مِنْ before it. L2 · R12

Demonstrative Pronoun · اسم إشارةA demonstrative pronoun is a pointing word that singles out a specific thing, near or far, and ذَٰلِكَ is the far pointing word: 'that' — all that they had witnessed. L3 · R8

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. ذَٰلِكَ fills that owner slot after بَعْدِ: 'after OF-that'; a pointing word keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or shift. The prefix فَ here opens the verdict on those hardened hearts: so they are like stones. L14 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I/you/he/she/they'. هِىَ is the 'she' of that set, standing here for 'they' — the hearts, spoken of as 'she'. L3 · R2

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the word a sentence opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. هِىَ 'they' is that topic; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the nominative is the role it fills. L6 · R2

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix كَ 'like/as' is one of the common prepositions: 'LIKE the stones'. L4 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a naming word to mean 'the'. حِجَارَةِ wears that prefix after the كَ, and its ل keeps its own sound, written with the sukūn ـْ — the small circle meaning no vowel follows: al-ḥijārah, 'the stones'. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. حِجَارَةِ names stones, from the root حجر — stone. L1 · R1

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she', typically marked by a ة at its end. حِجَارَةِ wears exactly that ة as its final letter. L2 · R1

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. حِجَارَةِ ends in exactly that kasrah ـِ, pulled into it by the preposition كَ at the word's front. L2 · R12

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. أَوْ is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a particle that joins words or sentences, and أَوْ means 'or'. It joins the two likenesses: like stones — OR harder still. L4 · R4

Noun · اسمA word whose final vowel mark changes with its job in the sentence is a noun, a naming word — Arabic counts describing words like this among its naming words. أَشَدُّ means 'stronger, more severe', from the root شدد — terrible, severe and strong. L1 · R5

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Singular Noun · مفردA singular noun refers to one, showing its case with a single short vowel mark. أَشَدُّ is one word of degree — 'stronger' — carrying the single ḍammah ـُ, the small curl, on its doubled د. L2 · R4

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or predicate of a sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. أَشَدُّ ends in exactly that ḍammah ـُ. L2 · R10

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that completes the meaning about the topic — Arabic implies the 'are' without writing it — and it stands in the nominative, shown here by the ḍammah ـُ, the small curl on the doubled د of أَشَدُّ. It is the second thing said about the hearts: they are like stones, or 'harder'. L6 · R3

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel mark ـً — is a noun, a naming word. قَسْوَةً names hardness itself, from the root قسو: to be hard, to be harsh, hardness of heart. L1 · R2

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she', typically marked by a ة at its end. قَسْوَةً wears exactly that ة, carrying the final tanwīn. L2 · R1

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is general — not tied to one named instance — and is marked by tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel. قَسْوَةً ends in the doubled fathah ـً: hardness in general. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter — doubled here to the tanwīn ـً. قَسْوَةً ends in exactly that doubled fathah ـً on its ة. L2 · R11

Specification (Tamyīz) · التمييزA specification is an indefinite naming word in the accusative — the fathah-tanwīn ـً ending — added to pin down in what respect a vague statement holds, and it appears after comparing words exactly like this: أَشَدُّ قَسْوَةً, 'stronger — IN HARDNESS'. Without it, 'stronger' would leave us asking: stronger in what? L21 · R13

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or shift. The prefix وَ here turns from the hearts to the stones themselves. L14 · R1

Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعلإِنَّ adds emphasis — 'indeed' — and changes the topic it introduces from the nominative to the accusative, the pressed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. إِنَّ carries its doubling shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped mark — and its topic here is the coming 'that which': indeed some stones truly gush with rivers. L15 · R2

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِنَ is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنَ 'from/of' is one of the common prepositions: 'AMONG the stones'. L4 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a naming word to mean 'the'. ٱلْحِجَارَةِ wears that prefix, and its ل keeps its own sound, written with the sukūn ـْ — the small circle meaning no vowel follows: al-ḥijārah, 'the stones'. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. حِجَارَةِ names stones, from the root حجر — stone. L1 · R1

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she', typically marked by a ة at its end. حِجَارَةِ wears exactly that ة as its final letter. L2 · R1

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. حِجَارَةِ ends in exactly that kasrah ـِ, pulled into it by the preposition مِنَ before it. L2 · R12

Emphatic Lām & Nūn · لام التوكيد ونون التوكيدThe emphatic لَـ at the front of a word presses down on the statement to say it is really, surely true, changing no ending. The لَ opening لَمَا seals the assertion: there truly ARE such stones. L20 · R14

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a whole describing sentence onto what it stands for, and مَا is the form for non-human things: 'that which'. This مَا stands as the topic إِنَّ asserts, and the sentence 'rivers gush forth from it' describes it. L5 · R13

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَتَفَجَّرُ names an action — gushing forth — from the root فجر: to split open, burst forth, dawn. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يَتَفَجَّرُ opens with the letter يَ — the 'it' prefix — standing before the rest: rivers 'gush forth', an ongoing wonder. L8 · R3

Form V Verb · تَفَعَّلَA Form V verb is identified by a تَـ prefix combined with a doubled middle root letter. يَتَفَجَّرُ shows both marks after its opening يَ: the تَ, and the shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped doubling mark — on the ج, the middle letter of the root فجر. The ones doing the bursting forth are ٱلْأَنْهَٰرُ, the rivers — this verb's own doer — gushing out from such stones. L13 · R1

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِنْ is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'from' is one of the common prepositions: rivers gush 'from it'. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; glued to a particle, it is governed by that particle. The ending هُ on مِنْهُ stands for 'it' — the stone the rivers pour from. L3 · R6

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a naming word to mean 'the'. ٱلْأَنْهَٰرُ wears that prefix, and its ل keeps its own sound, written with the sukūn ـْ — the small circle meaning no vowel follows: al-anhār, 'the rivers'. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. أَنْهَٰرُ names rivers, from the root نهر — to flow, river. L1 · R1

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more, made either by adding an ending or by reshaping the word from the inside — a 'broken' plural. أَنْهَٰرُ is such a reshaped plural of نَهَر 'river': 'rivers'. L2 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject of its sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. أَنْهَٰرُ ends in exactly that ḍammah ـُ. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — shown here by the ḍammah ـُ, the small curl on the ر of أَنْهَٰرُ. The rivers are what gush forth. L9 · R2

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a particle that joins words or sentences. The prefix وَ 'and' joins this second wonder of the stones to the first. L4 · R4

Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعلإِنَّ adds emphasis — 'indeed' — and changes the topic it introduces from the nominative to the accusative, the pressed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. إِنَّ carries its doubling shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped mark — and its topic here is the coming 'that which': indeed some of them truly split. L15 · R2

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِنْ is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'from/of' is one of the common prepositions: 'OF them'. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; glued to a particle, it is governed by that particle. The ending هَا on مِنْهَا stands for 'them' — the stones, spoken of as 'she'. L3 · R6

Emphatic Lām & Nūn · لام التوكيد ونون التوكيدThe emphatic لَـ at the front of a word presses down on the statement to say it is really, surely true, changing no ending. The لَ opening لَمَا seals the assertion: there truly ARE such stones. L20 · R14

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a whole describing sentence onto what it stands for, and مَا is the form for non-human things: 'that which'. This مَا stands as the asserted topic, and the sentence 'it splits open' describes it. L5 · R13

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَشَّقَّقُ names an action — splitting open — from the root شقق: to split, cleave. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يَشَّقَّقُ opens with the letter يَ — the 'it' prefix — standing before the rest: 'it splits open'. L8 · R3

Doubled Verb · فعل مضاعفA doubled verb is one whose second and third root letters are the same letter, written once with the doubling shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped mark. The root شقق repeats its ق — and here both twin ق's are written out one after the other; the shaddah ـّ you see on the middle ق belongs to the تَفَعَّلَ pattern's doubling, not to the root's twin letters. L24 · R10

Form V Verb · تَفَعَّلَA Form V verb carries a تَـ prefix and a doubled middle root letter — and in the present tense that تَـ may merge into the letter after it, shown by a shaddah ـّ, the small w-shaped doubling mark. That is exactly what يَشَّقَّقُ shows: the shaddah on its ش holds the form's merged تَ, and the shaddah on the ق doubles the middle root letter — the splitting happens to the stone itself. L13 · R1

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a particle that joins words or sentences, and فَ means 'and then' — the next thing following at once. The prefix فَ joins the water's coming out to the splitting: it splits, THEN water comes out. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَخْرُجُ names an action — coming out — from the root خرج: to go out, bring forth. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يَخْرُجُ opens with the letter يَ — the 'it' prefix — standing before the root letters: 'it comes out'. L8 · R3

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِنْ is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'from' is one of the common prepositions: water comes 'from it'. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; glued to a particle, it is governed by that particle. The ending هُ on مِنْهُ stands for 'it' — the split stone. L3 · R6

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a naming word to mean 'the'. ٱلْمَآءُ wears that prefix, and its ل keeps its own sound, written with the sukūn ـْ — the small circle meaning no vowel follows: al-māʾ, 'the water'. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. مَآءُ names water, from the root موه — water. L1 · R1

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject of its sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. مَآءُ ends in exactly that ḍammah ـُ on its closing hamza. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — shown here by the ḍammah ـُ, the small curl on the last letter of مَآءُ. The water is what comes out. L9 · R2

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a particle that joins words or sentences. The prefix وَ 'and' joins this third wonder of the stones to the two before it. L4 · R4

Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعلإِنَّ adds emphasis — 'indeed' — and changes the topic it introduces from the nominative to the accusative, the pressed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. إِنَّ carries its doubling shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped mark — and its topic here is the coming 'that which': indeed some of them truly fall down. L15 · R2

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِنْ is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'from/of' is one of the common prepositions: 'OF them'. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; glued to a particle, it is governed by that particle. The ending هَا on مِنْهَا stands for 'them' — the stones, spoken of as 'she'. L3 · R6

Emphatic Lām & Nūn · لام التوكيد ونون التوكيدThe emphatic لَـ at the front of a word presses down on the statement to say it is really, surely true, changing no ending. The لَ opening لَمَا seals the assertion: there truly ARE such stones. L20 · R14

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a whole describing sentence onto what it stands for, and مَا is the form for non-human things: 'that which'. This مَا stands as the asserted topic, and the sentence 'it falls down' describes it. L5 · R13

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَهْبِطُ names an action — falling down — from the root هبط: to descend, fall. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يَهْبِطُ opens with the letter يَ — the 'it' prefix — standing before the root letters: 'it falls down'. L8 · R3

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِنْ is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'from' is one of the common prepositions: falling 'FROM fear' — out of fear. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA word ending with the ة — Tā Marbūtah — is a noun, a naming word. خَشْيَةِ names fear, from the root خشي — to fear reverentially, be in awe of. L1 · R3

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she', typically marked by a ة at its end. خَشْيَةِ wears exactly that ة as its final letter. L2 · R1

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. خَشْيَةِ ends in exactly that kasrah ـِ, pulled into it by the preposition مِنْ before it. L2 · R12

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or idea — including proper names. ٱللَّهِ is the proper name of Allah. L1 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. ٱللَّهِ ends in exactly that kasrah ـِ as the second word of 'fear OF Allah'. L2 · R12

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, the kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. ٱللَّهِ fills that owner slot after خَشْيَةِ, wearing that very kasrah: 'the fear OF Allah'. L5 · R5

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or shift. The prefix وَ here turns from the stones to a closing warning. L14 · R1

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مَا is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle flips a statement to its opposite, and مَا is the one that negates sentences opening with a naming word. Here it denies any unawareness: Allah is NOT unaware. L4 · R5

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or idea — including proper names. ٱللَّهُ is the proper name of Allah. L1 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or main topic of its sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. ٱللَّهُ ends in exactly that ḍammah ـُ. L2 · R10

Ḥijāzī Mā · ما الحجازيةThe Ḥijāzī مَا is the negation مَا acting like 'is not': it keeps its topic in the nominative — the topic's form, the ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter — and marks its completing part with an extra بِ. ٱللَّهُ is that topic, wearing its ḍammah ـُ, and the بِ appears on بِغَٰفِلٍ right after: 'Allah is NOT unaware'. L19 · R13

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix بِ is one of the common prepositions, and غَٰفِلٍ after it wears that ending doubled: ـٍ. L4 · R2

Ḥijāzī Mā · ما الحجازيةThe Ḥijāzī مَا is the negation مَا acting like 'is not', and one of its signatures is marking the completing part with an extra بِ. This بِ on بِغَٰفِلٍ is exactly that mark: 'Allah is not IN ANY WAY unaware'. L19 · R13

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel mark ـٍ — is a noun, a naming word. غَٰفِلٍ names one unaware, from the root غفل: to be heedless, negligent, inattentive. L1 · R2

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is general — 'any' one at all — and is marked by tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel. غَٰفِلٍ ends in the doubled kasrah ـٍ: not unaware in any way whatsoever. L2 · R8

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter — doubled here to the tanwīn ـٍ. غَٰفِلٍ ends in exactly that doubled kasrah ـٍ, pulled into it by the بِ at its front. L2 · R12

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root, on the pattern فَاعِل, to name the doer of the action. غَٰفِلٍ is on exactly that pattern — its first root letter followed by a long ā, then a kasrah ـِ, the small stroke below the ف — naming 'one who is heedless'; and Allah is declared to be no such one. L11 · R1

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. The عَ of عَمَّا is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. عَنْ 'from/about' is one of the common prepositions, written here as عَ fused with the word after it: unaware 'OF what' you do. L4 · R2

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a whole describing sentence onto what it stands for, and مَا is the form for non-human things: 'that which'. The مَّا of عَمَّا carries the sentence 'you do': that which you do. L5 · R13

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. تَعْمَلُ names an action — doing — from the root عمل: to work, do, perform, act. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. تَعْمَلُونَ opens with the letter تَ — the 'you' prefix — standing before the root letters: 'you do'. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself is the mood sign: kept, it marks the normal mood; dropped, it marks a trimmed mood. تَعْمَلُونَ is one of those five shapes, and its نَ is kept — the normal, untrimmed mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending ونَ on تَعْمَلُونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that doer, 'you all'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4