Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعلإِنَّ adds emphasis — 'indeed' — and changes the topic it introduces from the nominative to the accusative, the pressed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. إِنَّ carries its doubling shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped mark — and its topic here is the 'he' ending fused onto it: 'indeed HE says'. L15 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هُۥ on إِنَّهُۥ is such a suffix, standing for 'He' — the Lord whose words Musa now relays. L3 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَقُولُ names an action — saying — from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يَقُولُ opens with the letter يَ — the 'he' prefix — standing before the root letters: 'He says'. L8 · R3

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, hidden in some shapes and revealed in others: the past قَالَ hides its middle letter behind a long alif, and the present tense reveals it. يَقُولُ shows that true middle letter و of the root قول in plain view. L24 · R4

Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعلإِنَّ adds emphasis — 'indeed' — and changes the topic it introduces from the nominative to the accusative, the pressed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. إِنَّ carries its doubling shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped mark — and its topic is the 'she' ending fused onto it: 'indeed IT [is] a cow…'. L15 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هَا on إِنَّهَا is such a suffix, standing for 'her' — the cow, spoken of as 'she'. L3 · R6

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel mark ـٌ — is a noun, a naming word. بَقَرَةٌ names a cow, from the root بقر — cow, cattle. L1 · R2

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she', typically marked by a ة at its end. بَقَرَةٌ wears exactly that ة before its final tanwīn: 'a cow'. L2 · R1

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one — no particular one — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. بَقَرَةٌ ends in the doubled ḍammah ـٌ: 'A cow', still being narrowed down. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is an ending shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter — or its doubled form ـٌ, worn by the subject or the completing part of a sentence. بَقَرَةٌ ends in that doubled ḍammah ـٌ: it is the completing part of 'indeed it [is]…', which keeps its own nominative form while إِنَّ presses only its topic. L2 · R10

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. لَّا is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle flips a statement to its opposite, and لَا is the one used for general statements. Here it denies a quality of the cow: NOT trained. L4 · R5

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel mark ـٌ — is a noun, a naming word. ذَلُولٌ names a quality — trained, broken in — from the root ذلل: to humble, subdue; humiliation, lowliness. L1 · R2

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one — no particular one — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. ذَلُولٌ ends in the doubled ḍammah ـٌ, matching the 'a cow' it describes. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is an ending shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter — or its doubled form ـٌ. ذَلُولٌ ends in that doubled ḍammah ـٌ, copying the nominative of بَقَرَةٌ, the word it describes. L2 · R10

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that comes after its naming word — the opposite of English order. ذَلُولٌ follows بَقَرَةٌ 'a cow' and copies its ending: both carry the doubled ḍammah ـٌ, indefinite and nominative alike — 'a cow not trained'. L7 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. تُثِيرُ names an action — ploughing, turning up — from the root ثور: to rise, bull, ox. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. تُثِيرُ opens with the letter تُ — the prefix used for 'she', the cow — standing before the root letters: 'she ploughs'. L8 · R3

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has at least one of the weak letters و or ي among its root letters, and the subtype is named by which slot is weak — a weak middle letter makes the hollow type. The root ثور carries the weak و in its middle slot; in this word it does not show as و but as the long ي of تُثِيرُ. L24 · R4

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb adds a hamzah to the front of its past shape, and in the present tense this family is identified by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl — on the prefix letter. تُثِيرُ shows exactly that: its opening تُ carries the ḍammah ـُ, the present-tense signature of this form. L12 · R7

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a naming word to mean 'the' — one specific, known one. ٱلْأَرْضَ wears that prefix, and its ل keeps its own sound, written with the sukūn ـْ — the small circle meaning no vowel follows: al-arḍ, 'the earth'. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. أَرْضَ names the earth, from the root ارض — earth, land, ground. L1 · R1

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثSome naming words are grammatically 'she' — feminine — without any visible marker, and must simply be known; أَرْض 'earth' is one of these special feminine words. L2 · R2

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. أَرْضَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ on the ض. 'The earth' is what the ploughing would land on — and this cow does no such work. L9 · R3

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a particle that joins words or sentences. The prefix وَ 'and' joins the second denied quality to the first: neither ploughing NOR watering. L4 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. لَا is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle flips a statement to its opposite, and لَا is the one used for general statements. Here it repeats the denial: she does NOT water the field. L4 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. تَسْقِى names an action — watering — from the root سقي: to give to drink, to water, to irrigate. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. تَسْقِى opens with the letter تَ — the prefix used for 'she', the cow — standing before the root letters: 'she waters'. L8 · R3

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters; when the weak letter is the LAST root letter, the verb is the defective type, surfacing as a final long vowel. تَسْقِى is the root سقي — its final weak letter surfaces as the ى closing the word. L24 · R7

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a naming word to mean 'the' — one specific, known one. ٱلْحَرْثَ wears that prefix, and its ل keeps its own sound, written with the sukūn ـْ — the small circle meaning no vowel follows: al-ḥarth, 'the field'. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. حَرْثَ names the tilled field, from the root حرث — tilth, to till and sow the ground. L1 · R1

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. حَرْثَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ on the ث. 'The field' is what the watering would land on — work this cow was never put to. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel mark ـٌ — is a noun, a naming word. مُسَلَّمَةٌ names a quality — sound, free from fault — from the root سلم: to submit, surrender; peace. L1 · R2

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one — no particular one — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. مُسَلَّمَةٌ ends in the doubled ḍammah ـٌ, matching the 'a cow' it describes. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is an ending shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter — or its doubled form ـٌ. مُسَلَّمَةٌ ends in that doubled ḍammah ـٌ, copying the nominative of بَقَرَةٌ, the word it describes. L2 · R10

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that comes after its naming word — the opposite of English order. مُسَلَّمَةٌ describes the same بَقَرَةٌ 'a cow' and copies its ending: both carry the doubled ḍammah ـٌ, indefinite and nominative alike — 'a cow… free from fault'. L7 · R1

Passive Participle · اسم مفعولA passive participle is a naming word built from a verb's root for the one the action was done to; for the derived verb families it begins with مُـ and carries a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above — before its last root letter. مُسَلَّمَةٌ shows that مُ at its front and the fathah ـَ before its last root letter م: one rendered sound, kept whole. L11 · R3

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. لَّا is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle flips a statement to its opposite. This لَا denies a whole category at once — 'there is NO spot at all' — and the naming word right after it, شِيَةَ, wears the fathah ـَ, the small slanted stroke above its last letter, that this لَا places on it. L4 · R7

Noun · اسمA word ending with the ة — Tā Marbūtah — is a noun, a naming word. شِيَةَ names a spot or blemish, from the root وشي: to embellish, to adorn. L1 · R3

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she', typically marked by a ة at its end. شِيَةَ wears exactly that ة as its final letter. L2 · R1

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter — taken by a naming word after certain particles. شِيَةَ ends in a single fathah ـَ with no doubling, as the word owned by the category-denying لَا before it: no spot whatsoever. L2 · R11

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. فِي is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. فِي 'in' is one of the common prepositions: no spot 'in her'. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; glued to a particle, it is governed by that particle. The ending هَا on فِيهَا stands for 'her' — the cow whose hide bears no spot. L3 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. قَالُ names an action — saying — from the root قول, to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending وا۟ — the 'they' marker — sits on قَالُوا۟: 'they said'. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and a middle weak letter hides behind a long alif in the past tense. قَالُوا۟ is the root قول — the long ا in its middle is the weak و in disguise. L24 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on قَالُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'they'. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ is that doer, 'they'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a word to mean 'the' — one specific, known one. ٱلْـَٔـٰنَ wears that prefix, and its ل keeps its own sound, written with the sukūn ـْ — the small circle meaning no vowel follows: 'THE now', this very moment. L2 · R9

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. ـَٰٔنَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ, the ending words of time carry. L2 · R11

Time Adverb · ظرف زمانA time adverb is a naming word that anchors a sentence to the time its action happens, and such time words take the accusative — the fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. ـَٰٔنَ 'now' wears that fathah, anchoring their words to this very moment: 'NOW you have come with the truth'. L16 · R10

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. جِئْ names an action — coming — from the root جيا: came. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending تَ — the 'you' marker, an abbreviation of أَنْتَ — sits on جِئْتَ: 'YOU have come'. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and the subtype is named by which slot is weak — a weak middle letter makes the hollow type. The root جيا carries the weak ي in its middle slot; in this shape no long vowel shows — the weak letter stays hidden, leaving the short kasrah ـِ, the small stroke below the ج. L24 · R4

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) among its letters, and the hamza's written seat changes with the surrounding vowels, which can disguise the root. In جِئْتَ the hamza sits on a ي-shaped seat as ئ, capped with the sukūn ـْ — the small circle meaning its sound stops there. L24 · R11

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending تَ on جِئْتَ is such a suffix, standing for 'you' — Musa, being addressed. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending تَ is that doer, 'you'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix بِ 'with' is one of the common prepositions: you have come 'with' the truth. L4 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a naming word to mean 'the' — one specific, known one. حَقِّ wears that prefix after the بِ, and its ل keeps its own sound, written with the sukūn ـْ — the small circle meaning no vowel follows: al-ḥaqq, 'the truth'. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. حَقِّ names the truth, from the root حقق — to be true, truth, reality. L1 · R1

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. حَقِّ ends in exactly that kasrah ـِ, pulled into it by the preposition بِ at the word's front. L2 · R12

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or shift. The prefix فَ here opens what finally happened after all the questioning: so they slaughtered her. L14 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. ذَبَحُ names an action — slaughtering — from the root ذبح: to slaughter, cut the throat, sacrifice. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending و — the 'they' marker — sits on ذَبَحُ: 'they slaughtered'. L8 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word — and this one verb carries two: the و standing for 'they', and after it هَا standing for 'her', the cow. One written word packs a whole sentence. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending و is that doer, 'they'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. The final هَا 'her' is that object, glued straight onto the verb; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so the accusative is the role it fills. L9 · R5

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a particle that joins words or sentences. The prefix وَ 'and/but' joins this last remark to what came before: they slaughtered her — BUT could hardly do it. L4 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مَا is such a helper word. L1 · R8

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle flips a statement to its opposite, and مَا is the one that negates past-tense statements. Here it denies the nearness: they were NOT near to doing it. L4 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for a happening tied to a time. كَادُ speaks of nearness to an action — was about to do, was on the point of — from the root كود. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes what is already settled, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending وا۟ — the 'they' marker — sits on كَادُوا۟: 'they were near'. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and a middle weak letter hides behind a long alif in the past tense. كَادُوا۟ is the root كود — the long ا in its middle is the weak و in disguise. L24 · R4

Verbs of Proximity (Kāda) · كاد وأخواتهاA verb of proximity says the action was close at hand: كَادَ means 'almost / nearly did', and its completing part is a present tense verb that follows it. كَادُوا۟ stands right before يَفْعَلُونَ 'doing it' — with the 'not' before it: they were hardly, only barely, brought to do it. L18 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on كَادُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'they' — the ones so near to leaving the command undone. L3 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَفْعَلُ names an action — doing — from the root فعل: doing. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يَفْعَلُونَ opens with the letter يَ — the 'they' prefix — standing before the root letters: '(to) doing it'. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself is the mood sign: kept, it marks the normal mood; dropped, it marks a trimmed mood. يَفْعَلُونَ is one of those five shapes, and its نَ is kept — the normal, untrimmed mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending ونَ on يَفْعَلُونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'they'. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that doer, 'they'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4