Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعلإِنَّ adds emphasis — 'indeed' — and changes the topic it introduces from the nominative to the accusative, the pressed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. إِنَّ carries its doubling shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped mark — and its topic here is the 'he' ending fused onto it: 'indeed HE says'. L15 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هُۥ on إِنَّهُۥ is such a suffix, standing for 'He' — the Lord whose words Musa now relays. L3 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَقُولُ is an action unfolding now: 'says', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَقُولُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'says', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L8 · R3

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of يَقُولُ is قول: to say, speak, tell — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعلإِنَّ adds emphasis — 'indeed' — and changes the topic it introduces from the nominative to the accusative, the pressed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. إِنَّ carries its doubling shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped mark — and its topic is the 'she' ending fused onto it: 'indeed IT [is] a cow…'. L15 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هَا on إِنَّهَا is such a suffix, standing for 'her' — the cow, spoken of as 'she'. L3 · R6

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel mark ـٌ — is a noun, a naming word. بَقَرَةٌ names a cow, from the root بقر — cow, cattle. L1 · R2

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she', most often marked by a ة — the round 'tied tā' — at its end. بَقَرَةٌ carries exactly that round ة at its end, so it is treated as feminine: '(is) a cow'. L2 · R1

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is a naming word left general — not pinned to one known thing by the definite article ال ('the') — and it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. بَقَرَةٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ — the ḍammah ـُ doubled: '(is) a cow'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is an ending shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter — or its doubled form ـٌ, worn by the subject or the completing part of a sentence. بَقَرَةٌ ends in that doubled ḍammah ـٌ: it is the completing part of 'indeed it [is]…', which keeps its own nominative form while إِنَّ presses only its topic. L2 · R10

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. لَّا · 'not/no' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle flips a statement to its opposite, and لَا is the one used for general statements. Here it denies a quality of the cow: NOT trained. L4 · R5

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. ذَلُولٌ names such a thing: 'trained', from the root ذلل: to humble, subdue; humiliation, lowliness. L1 · R6

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is a naming word left general — not pinned to one known thing by the definite article ال ('the') — and it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. ذَلُولٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ — the ḍammah ـُ doubled: 'trained'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is an ending shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter — or its doubled form ـٌ. ذَلُولٌ ends in that doubled ḍammah ـٌ, copying the nominative of بَقَرَةٌ, the word it describes. L2 · R10

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that comes after its naming word — the opposite of English order. ذَلُولٌ follows بَقَرَةٌ 'a cow' and copies its ending: both carry the doubled ḍammah ـٌ, indefinite and nominative alike — 'a cow not trained'. L7 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. تُثِيرُ is an action unfolding now: 'to plough', from the root ثور: to rise, bull, ox. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. تُثِيرُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'to plough', from the root ثور: to rise, bull, ox. L8 · R3

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of تُثِيرُ is ثور: to rise, bull, ox — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters; in the present tense this form announces itself instead by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the letter — sitting on the verb's opening prefix letter. تُثِيرُ carries exactly that ḍammah ـُ on its opening letter: 'to plough', from the root ثور: to rise, bull, ox. L12 · R7

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): ٱلْأَرْضَ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. أَرْضَ names such a thing: 'the earth', from the root ارض: earth, land, ground. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. Most feminine nouns wear a visible marker — a ة at the end, a final ى, or اء — but أَرْضَ shows none of these: it is one of the words Arabic simply knows as feminine, learned with the word itself: 'the earth'. L2 · R2

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. أَرْضَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ on the ض. 'The earth' is what the ploughing would land on — and this cow does no such work. L9 · R3

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَلَا is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. لَا · 'not/no' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle flips a statement to its opposite, and لَا is the one used for general statements. Here it repeats the denial: she does NOT water the field. L4 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. تَسْقِى is an action unfolding now: 'water', from the root سقي: to give to drink, to water, to irrigate. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. تَسْقِى opens with exactly such a letter: 'water', from the root سقي: to give to drink, to water, to irrigate. L8 · R3

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of تَسْقِى is سقي: to give to drink, to water, to irrigate — and its last letter is the weak ي, so the weakness sits at the very end of the root. L24 · R7

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): ٱلْحَرْثَ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. حَرْثَ names such a thing: 'the field', from the root حرث: tilth, to till and sow the ground. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. ٱلْحَرْثَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. حَرْثَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ on the ث. 'The field' is what the watering would land on — work this cow was never put to. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel mark ـٌ — is a noun, a naming word. مُسَلَّمَةٌ names a quality — sound, free from fault — from the root سلم: to submit, surrender; peace. L1 · R2

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is a naming word left general — not pinned to one known thing by the definite article ال ('the') — and it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. مُسَلَّمَةٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ — the ḍammah ـُ doubled: 'sound'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is an ending shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter — or its doubled form ـٌ. مُسَلَّمَةٌ ends in that doubled ḍammah ـٌ, copying the nominative of بَقَرَةٌ, the word it describes. L2 · R10

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that comes after its naming word — the opposite of English order. مُسَلَّمَةٌ describes the same بَقَرَةٌ 'a cow' and copies its ending: both carry the doubled ḍammah ـٌ, indefinite and nominative alike — 'a cow… free from fault'. L7 · R1

Passive Participle · اسم مفعولA passive participle is a naming word built from a verb's root for the one the action was done to; for the derived verb families it begins with مُـ and carries a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above — before its last root letter. مُسَلَّمَةٌ shows that مُ at its front and the fathah ـَ before its last root letter م: one rendered sound, kept whole. L11 · R3

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. لَّا · 'not/no' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle flips a statement to its opposite. This لَا denies a whole category at once — 'there is NO spot at all' — and the naming word right after it, شِيَةَ, wears the fathah ـَ, the small slanted stroke above its last letter, that this لَا places on it. L4 · R7

Noun · اسمA word ending with the ة — Tā Marbūtah — is a noun, a naming word. شِيَةَ names a spot or blemish, from the root وشي: to embellish, to adorn. L1 · R3

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she', most often marked by a ة — the round 'tied tā' — at its end. شِيَةَ carries exactly that round ة at its end, so it is treated as feminine: 'blemish'. L2 · R1

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter — taken by a naming word after certain particles. شِيَةَ ends in a single fathah ـَ with no doubling, as the word owned by the category-denying لَا before it: no spot whatsoever. L2 · R11

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. فِي · 'in' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. فِي · 'in' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'me / us / them' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. هَا · 'her/her' hangs on the little relation-word in فِيهَا, governed by the word it is fastened to. L3 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. قَالُ speaks of an action already carried out: 'They said', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On قَالُوا۟ that ending is وا۟, telling exactly who is meant: 'They said', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of قَالُ is قول: to say, speak, tell — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. وا۟ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — قَالُوا۟ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ is that doer, 'they'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, ن, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: ٱلْـَٔـٰنَ. L2 · R9

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. ـَٰٔنَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ, the ending words of time carry. L2 · R11

Time Adverb · ظرف زمانA time adverb is a naming word that anchors a sentence to the time its action happens, and such time words take the accusative — the fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. ـَٰٔنَ 'now' wears that fathah, anchoring their words to this very moment: 'NOW you have come with the truth'. L16 · R10

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. جِئْ speaks of an action already carried out: 'you have come', from the root جيا: came. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending تَ — the 'you' marker, an abbreviation of أَنْتَ — sits on جِئْتَ: 'YOU have come'. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of جِئْ is جيا: came — and its middle letter is the weak ي, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) among its letters, and the hamza's written seat changes with the surrounding vowels, which can disguise the root. In جِئْتَ the hamza sits on a ي-shaped seat as ئ, capped with the sukūn ـْ — the small circle meaning its sound stops there. L24 · R11

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. تَ · 'you/your' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — جِئْتَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending تَ is that doer, 'you'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِٱلْحَقِّ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the naming word after it into the genitive, the ending marked by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke written below the letter — and بِٱلْحَقِّ ends with exactly that kasrah ـِ. L4 · R1

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): بِٱلْحَقِّ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. حَقِّ names such a thing: 'with the truth', from the root حقق: to be true, truth, reality. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. بِٱلْحَقِّ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. حَقِّ stands right after such a little word, so its final letter carries exactly that kasrah ـِ: بِٱلْحَقِّ. L2 · R12

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix فَ · 'then' at the front of فَذَبَحُوهَا opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. ذَبَحُ speaks of an action already carried out: 'So they slaughtered it', from the root ذبح: to slaughter, cut the throat, sacrifice. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On فَذَبَحُوهَا that ending is و, telling exactly who is meant: 'So they slaughtered it', from the root ذبح: to slaughter, cut the throat, sacrifice. L8 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. و · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — فَذَبَحُوهَا — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending و is that doer, 'they'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. The final هَا 'her' is that object, glued straight onto the verb; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so the accusative is the role it fills. L9 · R5

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَمَا is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مَا · 'not/what' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle flips a statement to its opposite, and مَا is the one that negates past-tense statements. Here it denies the nearness: they were NOT near to doing it. L4 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. كَادُ speaks of an action already carried out: 'they were near', from the root كود: was about to do, was on the point of. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On كَادُوا۟ that ending is وا۟, telling exactly who is meant: 'they were near', from the root كود: was about to do, was on the point of. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of كَادُ is كود: was about to do, was on the point of — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Verbs of Proximity (Kāda) · كاد وأخواتهاA verb of proximity says the action was close at hand: كَادَ means 'almost / nearly did', and its completing part is a present tense verb that follows it. كَادُوا۟ stands right before يَفْعَلُونَ 'doing it' — with the 'not' before it: they were hardly, only barely, brought to do it. L18 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on كَادُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'they' — the ones so near to leaving the command undone. L3 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَفْعَلُ is an action unfolding now: '(to) doing (it)', from the root فعل: doing. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَفْعَلُ opens with exactly such a letter: '(to) doing (it)', from the root فعل: doing. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. يَفْعَلُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — يَفْعَلُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that doer, 'they'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4