Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يُبَيِّن is an action unfolding now: 'to make clear', from the root بين: to be between, make clear, evident. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb is the verb shape that opens with one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت; small helper words before it can bend its time and mood. يُبَيِّن wears that present-tense shape, opening with exactly such a letter: 'to make clear', from the root بين: to be between, make clear, evident. L8 · R3

Jussive Mood · الفعل المجزومThe jussive is one of the three moods of a present tense verb — the cut-down mood, whose usual mark is the sukūn ـْ, the small circle meaning the sound stops on that letter. يُبَيِّن ends with exactly that stopped, vowelless ن — the cut-short shape — standing as what follows on the asked-for prayer: He will make it clear. L10 · R8

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of يُبَيِّن is بين: to be between, make clear, evident — and its middle letter is the weak ي, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Form II Verb · فَعَّلَA Form II verb is identified by a shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped doubling mark — on the second root letter. يُبَيِّن shows that shaddah on the ي in its middle: the mark of this form, here making something clear to others. L12 · R7

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix لَّ at the front of لَّنَا is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'to/for' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here نَا 'us'. Though the label reads it as a standalone word, it is written joined after the preposition لَّ and works like the glued-on endings for 'our/us', naming those the clarifying is for: 'to us'. L3 · R7

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that completes the meaning about the topic, and it stands in the nominative — the completing word's own form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The asking word مَا 'what?' is that completing part, brought to the front as questions are: 'its color [is] WHAT?'; it keeps one fixed written shape, so the nominative is the role it fills. L6 · R3

Interrogative Particle · حرف استفهامAn interrogative word turns a statement into a question, and مَا 'what?' is one of the specific question words. Here it asks for the cow's color: WHAT is its color? L17 · R3

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. لَوْنُ names such a thing: '(is) its color', from the root لون: colour. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. لَوْنُهَا carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or main topic of its sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. لَوْنُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ on its ن. L2 · R10

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a sentence opens by talking about — its topic — and it stands in the nominative, shown here by the ḍammah ـُ, the small curl above the ن. In the little question, 'its color' is that topic: its color [is] what? L6 · R2

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is what the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. The little question 'what its color is' is what the making-clear must land on, and لَوْنُهَا anchors it; inside its own mini-sentence the word wears the topic's ḍammah ـُ, so the landed-on role belongs to the asked question as a whole. L9 · R3

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هَا on لَوْنُهَا is such a suffix, standing for 'her' — the cow: HER color. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending هَا fills that owner slot: 'the color OF her'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. قَالَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'He said', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed. Its plain base shape — the shape Arabic uses for a single 'he' — carries no who-ending glued to its tail, and قَالَ is exactly that bare base: 'He said', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L8 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of قَالَ is قول: to say, speak, tell — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعلإِنَّ adds emphasis — 'indeed' — and changes the topic it introduces from the nominative to the accusative, the pressed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. إِنَّ carries its doubling shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped mark — and its topic here is the هُۥ glued to it: 'indeed HE says'. L15 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هُۥ on إِنَّهُۥ stands for 'He' — Allah — the topic إِنَّ presses into the accusative, the pressed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the accusative is the role it fills. L3 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَقُولُ is an action unfolding now: 'says', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَقُولُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'says', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L8 · R3

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of يَقُولُ is قول: to say, speak, tell — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعلإِنَّ adds emphasis — 'indeed' — and changes the topic it introduces from the nominative to the accusative, the pressed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter, while the completing part stays in its own form. إِنَّ carries its doubling shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped mark — and its topic here is the هَا glued to it: 'indeed IT is a cow…'. L15 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هَا on إِنَّهَا stands for 'it' — the cow, spoken of as 'she' — the topic إِنَّ presses into the accusative, usually a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the accusative is the role it fills. L3 · R6

Noun · اسمA word that ends with the tā marbūtah ة is a noun, a naming word. بَقَرَةٌ names a cow, from the root بقر — cow, cattle. L1 · R3

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she', most often marked by a ة — the round 'tied tā' — at its end. بَقَرَةٌ carries exactly that round ة at its end, so it is treated as feminine: 'a cow'. L2 · R1

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is a naming word left general — not pinned to one known thing by the definite article ال ('the') — and it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. بَقَرَةٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ — the ḍammah ـُ doubled: 'a cow'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending marked by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter, doubled to tanwīn ـٌ when the word is indefinite — that a naming word takes as the subject or predicate of its sentence. بَقَرَةٌ wears that doubled ḍammah ـٌ: it is the completing part telling what 'it' is, and while إِنَّ presses its topic, this completing part keeps its own nominative form. L2 · R10

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or quality. صَفْرَآءُ names a color — yellow — from the root صفر: yellow. L1 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or predicate of a sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. صَفْرَآءُ ends in exactly that ḍammah ـُ, a plain single curl on its closing hamza. L2 · R10

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that comes after its noun and copies its noun's ending. صَفْرَآءُ 'yellow' follows بَقَرَةٌ 'a cow' and wears the same nominative ḍammah ـُ its noun wears: 'a YELLOW cow'. L7 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. فَاقِعٌ names such a thing: 'bright', from the root فقع: bright yellow, intense color. L1 · R6

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is a naming word left general — not pinned to one known thing by the definite article ال ('the') — and it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. فَاقِعٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ — the ḍammah ـُ doubled: 'bright'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is an ending marked by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter, doubled to tanwīn ـٌ when the word is indefinite. فَاقِعٌ wears that doubled ḍammah ـٌ, the same case as the cow-word it describes. L2 · R10

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that comes after its noun and copies its noun's ending. فَاقِعٌ 'bright' is a further description of بَقَرَةٌ 'a cow', wearing the same nominative ending: a yellow cow, BRIGHT in its color. L7 · R1

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built on the pattern فَاعِل — first root letter, then a long ā, then a kasrah ـِ before the last root letter — naming the one in the action's state. فَاقِعٌ carries that shape: the long ا after its ف and the kasrah on its ق — 'one blazing bright'. L11 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. لَّوْنُ names such a thing: '(in) its color', from the root لون: colour. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. لَّوْنُهَا carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject of its sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. لَّوْنُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ on its ن. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — shown here by the ḍammah ـُ, the small curl above the ن. 'Its color' is what does the being-bright that فَاقِعٌ names: bright is ITS COLOR. L9 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هَا on لَّوْنُهَا is such a suffix, standing for 'her' — the cow: HER color. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending هَا fills that owner slot: 'the color OF her'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. تَسُرُّ is an action unfolding now: 'pleasing', from the root سرر: to conceal, hide secretly; joy, happiness; couch, throne. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. تَسُرُّ opens with exactly such a letter: 'pleasing', from the root سرر: to conceal, hide secretly; joy, happiness; couch, throne. L8 · R3

Doubled Verb · فعل مضاعفA doubled verb has the same letter as its second and third root letters, written once with a shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped doubling mark. تَسُرُّ is the root سرر: its repeated ر is written once, wearing exactly that shaddah ـّ. L24 · R10

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, ن, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: ٱلنَّـٰظِرِينَ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. نَّٰظِرِينَ is such a naming word: '(to) those who see (it).', from the root نظر: to look upon, to see, to wait. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. Even as a plural, ٱلنَّـٰظِرِينَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is a masculine noun; its ending is the 'sound' plural ending Arabic reserves for masculine nouns. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more of something. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); ٱلنَّـٰظِرِينَ closes with exactly such an ending: not one, but a whole group. L2 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the landed-on ending, usually a fathah ـَ — a small stroke above the letter. Words with the ـُونَ/ـِينَ plural ending show their case differently: only the subject form ـُونَ looks distinct, and ـِينَ serves for the accusative. The ـِينَ on نَّٰظِرِينَ is that accusative form here. L2 · R7

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, shown for this plural by its ـِينَ ending. The beholders are the ones the pleasing lands on: she PLEASES the beholders. L9 · R3

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built on the pattern فَاعِل — first root letter, then a long ā, then a kasrah ـِ before the last root letter — naming the one who does. نَّٰظِرِ carries that shape: the long ā after its ن and the kasrah on its ظ — 'the ones who look'. L11 · R1