Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يُبَيِّن names an action — making clear — from the root بين: to be between, make clear, evident. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يُبَيِّن opens with the letter ي — the 'he' prefix — standing before the root letters: 'that He make clear'. L8 · R3

Jussive Mood · الفعل المجزومThe jussive is one of the three moods of a present tense verb — the cut-down mood, whose usual mark is the sukūn ـْ, the small circle meaning the sound stops on that letter. يُبَيِّن ends with exactly that stopped, vowelless ن — the cut-short shape — standing as what follows on the asked-for prayer: He will make it clear. L10 · R8

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has at least one of the weak letters و or ي among its root letters, named by which slot is weak — a weak middle letter makes the hollow type. The root بين carries the weak ي in its middle slot; in this shape it does not vanish but stands doubled in plain view: the يِّ of يُبَيِّن. L24 · R4

Form II Verb · فَعَّلَA Form II verb is identified by a shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped doubling mark — on the second root letter. يُبَيِّن shows that shaddah on the ي in its middle: the mark of this form, here making something clear to others. L12 · R7

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix لَّ 'to/for' is one of the common prepositions: make clear 'to' us. L4 · R2

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here نَا 'us'. Though the label reads it as a standalone word, it is written joined after the preposition لَّ and works like the glued-on endings for 'our/us', naming those the clarifying is for: 'to us'. L3 · R7

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that completes the meaning about the topic, and it stands in the nominative — the completing word's own form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The asking word مَا 'what?' is that completing part, brought to the front as questions are: 'it [is] WHAT?'; it keeps one fixed written shape, so the nominative is the role it fills. L6 · R3

Interrogative Particle · حرف استفهامAn interrogative word turns a statement into a question, and مَا 'what?' is one of the specific question words. Here it asks for the cow's description: WHAT is it? L17 · R3

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I/you/he/she/they'. هِىَ is the 'she' of that set, standing here for 'it' — the cow, spoken of as 'she'. L3 · R2

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a sentence opens by talking about — its topic — and it stands in the nominative, the topic's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. In the little question 'what is it?', هِىَ 'it' is that topic; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the nominative is the role it fills. L6 · R2

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is what the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. The little question 'what it is' is what the making-clear must land on, and هِىَ anchors it; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the accusative here is the role, not a mark on show. L9 · R3

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. قَالَ names an action — saying — from the root قول, to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed; its base shape is the 'he' form with no ending added. قَالَ is exactly that bare base shape: 'he said' — Musa relaying the answer. L8 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and a middle weak letter hides behind a long alif in the past tense. قَالَ 'he said' is really the root قول — the long ا in its middle is the weak و in disguise. L24 · R4

Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعلإِنَّ adds emphasis — 'indeed' — and changes the topic it introduces from the nominative to the accusative, the pressed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. إِنَّ carries its doubling shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped mark — and its topic here is the هُۥ glued to it: 'indeed HE says'. L15 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هُۥ on إِنَّهُۥ stands for 'He' — Allah — the topic إِنَّ presses into the accusative, the pressed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the accusative is the role it fills. L3 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَقُولُ names an action — saying — from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يَقُولُ opens with the letter ي — the 'he' prefix — standing before the root letters: 'He says'. L8 · R3

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters; a middle weak letter hides behind a long alif in the past tense, and the present tense reveals the true middle letter. يَقُولُ shows exactly that: the root قول with its weak middle و standing in plain view. L24 · R4

Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعلإِنَّ adds emphasis — 'indeed' — and changes the topic it introduces from the nominative to the accusative, the pressed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter, while the completing part stays in its own form. إِنَّ carries its doubling shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped mark — and its topic here is the هَا glued to it: 'indeed IT is a cow…'. L15 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هَا on إِنَّهَا stands for 'it' — the cow, spoken of as 'she' — the topic إِنَّ presses into the accusative, usually a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the accusative is the role it fills. L3 · R6

Noun · اسمA word that ends with the tā marbūtah ة is a noun, a naming word. بَقَرَةٌ names a cow, from the root بقر — cow, cattle. L1 · R3

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she', typically marked by a ة at its end. بَقَرَةٌ ends in exactly that ة. L2 · R1

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' — no particular one — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. بَقَرَةٌ ends in the doubled ḍammah ـٌ. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending marked by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter, doubled to tanwīn ـٌ when the word is indefinite — that a naming word takes as the subject or predicate of its sentence. بَقَرَةٌ wears that doubled ḍammah ـٌ: it is the completing part telling what 'it' is, and while إِنَّ presses its topic, this completing part keeps its own nominative form. L2 · R10

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. لَّا is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle flips a statement to its opposite, and لَا is the one for general statements: 'no / not'. Here it opens the pair 'neither… nor…': NOT old. L4 · R5

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel marks ـٌ ـً ـٍ — is a noun, a naming word. فَارِضٌ carries the doubled ḍammah ـٌ and names an aged one — an old cow. L1 · R2

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' — no particular one — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. فَارِضٌ ends in the doubled ḍammah ـٌ, matching the unspecific cow-word it describes. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is an ending marked by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter, doubled to tanwīn ـٌ when the word is indefinite. فَارِضٌ wears that doubled ḍammah ـٌ, the same ending as بَقَرَةٌ, the cow-word it describes. L2 · R10

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that comes after its noun and copies its noun's endings. فَارِضٌ 'old' follows بَقَرَةٌ 'a cow' and copies what shows on it: the same doubled ḍammah ـٌ and the same unspecific tanwīn — 'a cow… not an OLD one'. L7 · R1

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built on the pattern فَاعِل — first root letter, then a long ā, then a kasrah ـِ before the last root letter — naming the one in the action's state. فَارِضٌ carries that shape: the long ا after its ف and the kasrah on its ر — 'one grown old'. L11 · R1

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word like 'and' that connects items. The prefix وَ joins the second denial to the first: neither old AND not young. L4 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. لَا is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle flips a statement to its opposite, and لَا is the one for general statements: 'no / not'. Here it denies the second extreme: NOR a young one. L4 · R5

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel marks ـٌ ـً ـٍ — is a noun, a naming word. بِكْرٌ carries the doubled ḍammah ـٌ and names a young one, from the root بكر — early, first, virgin. L1 · R2

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' — no particular one — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. بِكْرٌ ends in the doubled ḍammah ـٌ. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is an ending marked by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter, doubled to tanwīn ـٌ when the word is indefinite. بِكْرٌ wears that doubled ḍammah ـٌ, the same ending as فَارِضٌ, the word it is joined to by وَ. L2 · R10

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel marks ـٌ ـً ـٍ — is a noun, a naming word. عَوَانٌۢ carries the doubled ḍammah ـٌ and names one in the middle years. L1 · R2

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Singular Noun · مفردA singular noun refers to one entity and shows its case with a single short vowel mark, doubled to tanwīn when the noun is indefinite. عَوَانٌۢ speaks of one — the one middle-aged cow — and wears exactly that doubled mark ـٌ. L2 · R4

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' — no particular one — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. عَوَانٌۢ ends in the doubled ḍammah ـٌ. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is an ending marked by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter, doubled to tanwīn ـٌ when the word is indefinite — that a naming word takes as the subject or predicate of its sentence. عَوَانٌۢ wears that doubled ḍammah ـٌ. L2 · R10

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate completes the meaning about the topic; it too stands in the nominative, and it is typically an unspecific single word. عَوَانٌۢ fits exactly: one word wearing the doubled ḍammah ـٌ, telling more about the cow — 'middle-aged, between that'. L6 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. بَيْنَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ — the fixed ending this where-word always wears. L2 · R11

Place Adverb · ظرف مكانA place adverb is a naming word, fixed in the accusative with its fathah ـَ — a small stroke above the last letter — that tells where something stands. بَيْنَ 'between' is one of the high-frequency ones, chained to the word after it: 'BETWEEN that' — between the two extremes just named. L26 · R2

Demonstrative Pronoun · اسم إشارةA demonstrative pronoun is a pointing word that singles out a specific thing, near or far. ذَٰلِكَ points to something far: 'THAT' — the old age and the young age just mentioned. L3 · R8

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. ذَٰلِكَ fills that owner slot after the where-word بَيْنَ: 'the between OF that'; a pointing word keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or shift. The prefix فَ here turns from the description to the charge: so do it. L14 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. ٱفْعَلُ names an action — doing — from the root فعل: doing. L1 · R7

Imperative Verb · فعل أمرAn imperative verb is a direct command addressed to 'you', formed from the present-tense verb by removing its opening prefix and adding a helping ٱ when what remains starts with a vowelless letter. ٱفْعَلُوا۟ shows that helping ٱ at its front, commanding a group — the ending وا۟ points the order at 'you all': do! L10 · R1

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on فَٱفْعَلُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ is that doer, 'you all' — the ones told to obey; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun hooks a whole describing sentence onto something, and مَا is the neutral form for non-human things: 'that which / what'. مَا carries the describing sentence 'you are commanded': do WHAT you are commanded. L5 · R13

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. 'What you are commanded' is what the doing must land on; مَا keeps one fixed written shape, so no fathah appears — the accusative is the role it fills. L9 · R3

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. تُؤْمَرُ names an action — commanding — from the root امر: matter, affair, command. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. تُؤْمَرُونَ opens with the letter ت — the 'you' prefix — standing before the root letters. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself shows the mood: kept in the normal mood, dropped after trimming words. تُؤْمَرُونَ is the 'you all' shape with its نَ still in place — the sign of the normal mood. L10 · R10

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) as one of its root letters, and its written seat changes with the surrounding vowels. The root امر carries the hamza as its first letter; in تُؤْمَرُونَ it sits on a wāw seat — the ؤْ — wearing the sukūn ـْ, the small circle meaning no vowel follows. L24 · R11

Passive Voice · المبني للمجهولA passive voice verb hides who did the action by changing its inner vowels: in the present tense the pattern is a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl — on the prefix and a fathah ـَ on the second root vowel. تُؤْمَرُونَ shows exactly that: the ḍammah on its opening تُ and the fathah on the مَ. The commander is left unnamed; you all are the ones the commanding falls upon. L11 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending ونَ on تُؤْمَرُونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R6

Passive Subject · نائب فاعلThe passive subject is the one the action happened to, promoted into the subject spot of a verb whose doer is hidden, and it takes the nominative — the subject's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that passive subject, 'you all' — the ones being commanded; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so the nominative is the role it fills. L11 · R5