Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعلإِنَّ adds emphasis — 'indeed' — and changes the topic it introduces from the nominative to the accusative, the pressed-on form, a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. إِنَّ carries its doubling shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped mark — and its topic ٱللَّهَ wears exactly that fathah: 'INDEED, Allah commands you'. L15 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or idea — including proper names. ٱللَّهَ is the proper name of Allah. L1 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — the ending a naming word takes after certain particles like إِنَّ. ٱللَّهَ ends in that fathah ـَ because إِنَّ stands before it as its topic. L2 · R11

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَأْمُرُ names an action — commanding — from the root امر: matter, affair, command. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يَأْمُرُكُمْ opens with the letter ي — the 'he' prefix — standing before the root letters: 'He commands'. L8 · R3

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) as one of its root letters, and its written seat changes with its surroundings. The root امر carries the hamza as its first letter; in يَأْمُرُ it sits on an alif seat wearing the sukūn ـْ — the small circle meaning no vowel follows: يَأْ. L24 · R11

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending كُمْ on يَأْمُرُكُمْ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R6

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, and when it is a pronoun it attaches to the end of the verb as a suffix — like the كُمْ in خَلَقَكُمْ 'He created you'. The كُمْ of يَأْمُرُكُمْ is that object, 'you all', in the accusative role — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the letter — though a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape. L9 · R5

Maṣdar Particle · حرف مصدريA maṣdar particle like أَنْ 'that/to' turns the verb clause after it into an action-idea — 'that you slaughter' works like the single naming word 'your slaughtering' — and it puts the present tense verb into the subjunctive mood, shown by a fathah ـَ or a dropped نَ. This أَن makes 'slaughter a cow' the content of the command. L20 · R15

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. تَذْبَحُ names an action — slaughtering — from the root ذبح: to slaughter, sacrifice. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. تَذْبَحُوا۟ opens with the letter ت — the 'you' prefix — standing before the root letters. L8 · R3

Subjunctive Mood · الفعل المنصوبThe subjunctive is the mood a present tense verb takes when a particle like أَنْ 'to' stands before it; for the 'you all' shape the marker is the dropping of the final نَ. تَذْبَحُوا۟ has lost exactly that نَ — the أَن before it cut it away. L10 · R4

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself shows the mood: kept in the normal mood, dropped after mood-changing words. تَذْبَحُوا۟ is the 'you all do' shape with its نَ dropped — the sign that أَن has changed its mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on تَذْبَحُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ is that doer, 'you all' — the ones commanded to slaughter; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Noun · اسمA word that ends with the tā marbūtah ة is a noun, a naming word. بَقَرَةً names a cow, from the root بقر — cow, cattle. L1 · R3

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she', typically marked by a ة at its end. بَقَرَةً ends in exactly that ة. L2 · R1

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' — no particular one — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. بَقَرَةً ends in the doubled fathah ـً: A cow, any cow. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. بَقَرَةً carries that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the doubled fathah ـً on the ة. The cow is what the commanded slaughtering lands on. L9 · R3

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. قَالُ names an action — saying — from the root قول, to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending وٓا۟ — the 'they' marker — sits on قَالُوٓا۟: 'they said'. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and a middle weak letter hides behind a long alif in the past tense. قَالُوٓا۟ is the root قول — the long ا in its middle is the weak و in disguise. L24 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وٓا۟ on قَالُوٓا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'they'. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وٓا۟ is that doer, 'they' — the people answering Musa; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Interrogative Particle · حرف استفهامAn interrogative particle turns a statement into a question. The prefix أَ (a hamza) at the front of أَتَتَّخِذُنَا forms a yes/no question: 'Do you take us…?' L17 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. تَتَّخِذُ names an action — taking — from the root اخذ: to take, seize, grasp. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. After the question-hamza, تَتَّخِذُ opens with the letter ت — the 'you' prefix — standing before the root letters: 'do YOU take'. L8 · R3

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) as one of its root letters, and the hamza's changing written seat can disguise the root. The root اخذ opens with a hamza, yet no hamza shows in تَتَّخِذُ — in this verb shape it has given way, folded into the doubled تّ. L24 · R11

Form VIII Verb · اِفْتَعَلَA Form VIII verb tucks an extra تـ just after the first root letter. In تَتَّخِذُ, from the root اخذ, that inserted تـ has merged with the root's opening letter to give the doubled تّ — shown by the shaddah ـّ, the small w-shaped mark — marking it as Form VIII: taking for oneself. L13 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending نَا on أَتَتَّخِذُنَا is such a suffix, standing for 'us'. L3 · R6

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, and when it is a pronoun it attaches to the end of the verb as a suffix — like the كُمْ in خَلَقَكُمْ 'He created you'. The closing نَا of أَتَتَّخِذُنَا is that object, 'us', in the accusative role — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the letter — though a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape. L9 · R5

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel marks ـٌ ـً ـٍ — is a noun, a naming word. هُزُوًا carries the doubled fathah ـً and names mockery, from the root هزا — to mock, ridicule, make mockery. L1 · R2

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' — no particular one — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. هُزُوًا ends in the doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. هُزُوًا carries that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the doubled fathah ـً. It is the second thing the taking lands on — what they fear being made into: 'do you take us AS A MOCKERY?' L9 · R3

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. قَالَ names an action — saying — from the root قول, to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed; its base shape is the 'he' form with no ending added. قَالَ is exactly that bare base shape: 'he said' — Musa answering them. L8 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and a middle weak letter hides behind a long alif in the past tense. قَالَ 'he said' is really the root قول — the long ا in its middle is the weak و in disguise. L24 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. أَعُوذُ names an action — seeking refuge — from the root عوذ: to seek refuge, to take shelter. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. أَعُوذُ opens with the letter أ — the 'I' prefix — standing before the root letters: 'I seek refuge'. L8 · R3

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and a middle weak letter hides behind a long alif in the past tense — while other shapes reveal it. أَعُوذُ shows the root عوذ with its weak middle و standing in plain view as the long عُو. L24 · R4

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix بِ 'in/with' marks where the refuge is sought: refuge 'IN Allah'. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or idea — including proper names. ٱللَّهِ is the proper name of Allah. L1 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. ٱللَّهِ ends in that kasrah ـِ because بِ stands before it. L2 · R12

Maṣdar Particle · حرف مصدريA maṣdar particle like أَنْ 'that/to' turns the verb clause after it into an action-idea — 'that I be' works like the single naming word 'my being' — and it puts the present tense verb into the subjunctive mood, shown by a fathah ـَ. This أَنْ makes 'being among the ignorant' the thing refuge is sought from. L20 · R15

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. أَكُونَ names being — 'that I be' — from the root كون: to be, exist, happen. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. أَكُونَ opens with the letter أ — the 'I' prefix — standing before the root letters. L8 · R3

Subjunctive Mood · الفعل المنصوبThe subjunctive is the mood a present tense verb takes when a particle like أَنْ 'to' stands before it, and its marker is a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke — on the final letter. أَكُونَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ on its ن, put there by the أَنْ before it. L10 · R4

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and a middle weak letter hides behind a long alif in the past tense — while other shapes reveal it. أَكُونَ shows the root كون with its weak middle و standing in plain view as the long كُو. L24 · R4

Kāna Verb · كان وأخواتهاكَانَ is an incomplete verb: it needs both a topic and a comment to finish its meaning — 'I be' alone leaves you asking: be WHAT? The topic of أَكُونَ is 'I', folded into the verb's opening أَ, and the comment is the phrase that follows: 'among the ignorant'. L18 · R1

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِنَ is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'of/among' is one of the common prepositions: 'AMONG the ignorant'. L4 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a naming word to mean 'the' — one specific, known group. ٱلْجَٰهِلِينَ wears that prefix — here the ل keeps its own sound, written with the sukūn ـْ, the small circle meaning no vowel follows: al-jāhilīn, 'the ignorant'. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. جَٰهِلِينَ names the ignorant ones, from the root جهل — to be ignorant, ignorance. L1 · R1

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); جَٰهِلِينَ ends in that ـِينَ: many ignorant ones. L2 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the 'of'-and-after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the letter. Words with the ـُونَ/ـِينَ plural ending show their case differently: only the subject form ـُونَ looks distinct, and ـِينَ serves for both the accusative and the genitive. The ـِينَ on جَٰهِلِينَ is that genitive form here, standing after مِنَ. L2 · R7

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built on the pattern فَاعِل — first root letter, then a long ā, then a kasrah ـِ before the last root letter — naming the one who does or holds the action. جَٰهِلِ carries that shape: the long ā after its ج and the kasrah on its ه — 'the ones who are ignorant'. L11 · R1