Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix لِّ 'for' is one of the common prepositions: a deterrent 'for' those before it. L4 · R2

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun hooks a whole describing sentence onto something, and مَا is the neutral form: 'that which / those'. The مَا in لِّمَا carries the phrase 'before it': for THOSE who stood before it. L5 · R13

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. بَيْنَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ — the fixed ending this where-word always wears. L2 · R11

Place Adverb · ظرف مكانA place adverb is a naming word, fixed in the accusative with its fathah ـَ — a small stroke above the last letter — that tells where. بَيْنَ 'between' is one of the high-frequency ones, chained to the words after it: paired with 'its two hands', it is the Arabic way of saying 'in front of it'. L26 · R2

Noun · اسمA word whose final vowel mark changes with its job in the sentence is a noun, a naming word. يَدَيْ names two hands, from the root يدي — a hand. L1 · R5

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she'. يَد 'hand' carries no visible marker like ة, yet is one of the words simply known to be feminine — the paired body parts are on that memorized list. L2 · R2

Dual Noun · مثنىA dual noun refers to exactly two of something, marked by the ending ـَانِ in the subject role and ـَيْنِ otherwise. يَدَيْ wears that ـَيْ shape — its closing ن set aside because the word is chained to what follows: 'the two hands of it'. L2 · R5

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the owner's ending in an 'of' pairing, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. A dual word shows this role by its ـَيْ shape instead of a kasrah, and يَدَيْ wears exactly that shape — the genitive is the role it fills after the where-word بَيْنَ. L2 · R7

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. يَدَيْ fills that owner slot after بَيْنَ — 'between the two hands' — and the ending هَا chains on as a second owner: 'the two hands OF it'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so its genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هَا on يَدَيْهَا is such a suffix, standing for 'it' — the punished village, spoken of as 'she'. L3 · R6

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word like 'and' that connects items. The prefix وَ adds a second group to the first: those before it AND those behind it. L4 · R4

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun hooks a whole describing sentence onto something, and مَا is the neutral form: 'that which / those'. This مَا carries the phrase 'behind it': and THOSE who came behind it. L5 · R13

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. خَلْفَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ — the fixed ending this where-word always wears. L2 · R11

Place Adverb · ظرف مكانA place adverb is a naming word, fixed in the accusative with its fathah ـَ — a small stroke above the last letter — that tells where. خَلْفَ 'behind' is one of the high-frequency ones, chained to the word after it: 'BEHIND it' — those who came after. L26 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هَا on خَلْفَهَا is such a suffix, standing for 'it' — the punished village, spoken of as 'she'. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending هَا fills that owner slot after the where-word خَلْفَ: 'the behind OF it'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word like 'and', and the joined word takes the same case as the one before it. The prefix وَ adds the lesson to the deterrent — both end in the doubled fathah ـً. L4 · R4

Noun · اسمA word that ends with the tā marbūtah ة is a noun, a naming word. مَوْعِظَةً names an admonition, from the root وعظ — to admonish, warn, advise, exhortation. L1 · R3

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she', typically marked by a ة at its end. مَوْعِظَةً ends in exactly that ة. L2 · R1

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' — no particular one — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. مَوْعِظَةً ends in the doubled fathah ـً: A lesson. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. مَوْعِظَةً carries that doubled fathah ـً on its ة, the same ending as the deterrent it is joined to by وَ. L2 · R11

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix لِّ 'for' is one of the common prepositions: a lesson 'for' the mindful. L4 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a naming word to mean 'the' — one specific, known group. Joined after the preposition لِّ it is written without its opening ا — the لْ inside لِّلْمُتَّقِينَ: 'THE ones who guard themselves'. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. مُتَّقِينَ names those who guard themselves, from the root وقي — to fear Allah, guard against evil, consciousness of Allah, piety. L1 · R1

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); مُتَّقِينَ ends in that ـِينَ: many God-fearing ones. L2 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the 'of'-and-after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the letter. Words with the ـُونَ/ـِينَ plural ending show their case differently: only the subject form ـُونَ looks distinct, and ـِينَ serves for both the accusative and the genitive. The ـِينَ on مُتَّقِينَ is that genitive form here, standing after لِّ. L2 · R7

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root to name the doer; for the derived verb families it begins with مُـ and carries a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below — before its last root letter. مُتَّقِ shows both: the مُ at its front and the kasrah on its ق — 'those who DO the guarding of themselves'. L11 · R3