Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word like 'who' or 'which' that hooks a whole describing sentence onto whoever or whatever it points to. ٱلَّذِينَ · 'those who' is the masculine plural form — 'those who' — used when it points to a group of people. Its shape is fixed: this word never changes its ending to show its job in the sentence. L5 · R13

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. 'Those who transgressed' are the ones the knowing landed on; ٱلَّذِينَ keeps one fixed written shape, so no fathah appears — the accusative is the role it fills. L9 · R3

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. ٱعْتَدَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'transgressed', from the root عدو: to be an enemy, enmity, hostility, to transgress. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On ٱعْتَدَوْا۟ that ending is وْا۟, telling exactly who is meant: 'transgressed', from the root عدو: to be an enemy, enmity, hostility, to transgress. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of ٱعْتَدَ is عدو: to be an enemy, enmity, hostility, to transgress — and its last letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits at the very end of the root. L24 · R7

Form VIII Verb · اِفْتَعَلَA Form VIII verb is identified by an extra ت tucked in just after the first root letter. ٱعْتَدَ shows exactly that: the root's ع, then the inserted تَ, then the د — the mark of this form: 'they transgressed'. L13 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. وْا۟ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — ٱعْتَدَوْا۟ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وْا۟ is that doer, 'they' — the transgressors; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مِن · 'from/of' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. مِن · 'from/of' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'me / us / them' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. كُمْ · 'you all/your' hangs on the little relation-word in مِنكُمْ, governed by the word it is fastened to. L3 · R6

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. فِى · 'in' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. فِى · 'in' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, س, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: ٱلسَّبْتِ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. سَّبْتِ names such a thing: 'the (matter of) Sabbath', from the root سبت: Sabbath, Saturday, day of rest. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. ٱلسَّبْتِ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. سَّبْتِ stands right after such a little word, so its final letter carries exactly that kasrah ـِ: ٱلسَّبْتِ. L2 · R12

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix فَ · 'then' at the front of فَقُلْنَا opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. قُلْ speaks of an action already carried out: 'So We said', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On فَقُلْنَا that ending is نَا, telling exactly who is meant: 'So We said', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of قُلْ is قول: to say, speak, tell — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. نَا · 'us/our' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — فَقُلْنَا — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending نَا is that doer, 'We'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix لَ at the front of لَهُمْ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'to/for' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هُمْ 'them'. Though the label reads it as a standalone word, it is written joined after the preposition لَ and works like the glued-on endings for 'their/them', naming those addressed: 'to them'. L3 · R7

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. كُونُ is a command: 'Be', from the root كون: to be, exist, happen. L1 · R7

Imperative Verb · فعل أمرAn imperative verb is a direct command addressed to 'you', formed from the present-tense verb by removing its opening prefix. كُونُوا۟ is that command shape aimed at a group — its ending وا۟ points the order at 'you all': be! L10 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and a middle weak letter hides behind a long alif in the past tense — كَانَ 'he was' is really the root كون. In this command shape the disguise falls away: the root's middle و stands in plain view as the long و of كُونُوا۟. L24 · R4

Kāna Verb · كان وأخواتهاكَانَ is an incomplete verb: it keeps its topic in the nominative — the topic's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter — and puts its comment into the accusative, usually a fathah ـَ, often doubled to tanwīn ـً. Here the topic is the وا۟ 'you all' — a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so the nominative is the role it fills — and the comment قِرَدَةً wears exactly that doubled fathah ـً: 'BE apes'. L18 · R3

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on كُونُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R6

Noun · اسمA word that ends with the tā marbūtah ة is a noun, a naming word. قِرَدَةً names apes, from the root قرد — apes. L1 · R3

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. قِرَدَةً is treated as 'he' — a masculine noun: the ة at its end belongs to this word's plural shape rather than serving as a 'she' marker. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more, made either by adding an ending or by reshaping the word from the inside — a 'broken' plural. قِرَدَةً is such a reshaped plural: apes, many of them. L2 · R6

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is a naming word left general — not pinned to one known thing by the definite article ال ('the') — and it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. قِرَدَةً carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled: 'apes'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. قِرَدَةً carries that doubled fathah ـً on its ة: it is the comment of the command 'be', the part the كان-family presses into this form. L2 · R11

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. خَٰسِـِٔينَ is such a naming word: 'despised', from the root خسا: to drive away, to reject. L1 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the landed-on ending, usually a fathah ـَ — a small stroke above the letter. Words with the ـُونَ/ـِينَ plural ending show their case differently: only the subject form ـُونَ looks distinct, and ـِينَ serves for the accusative. The ـِٔينَ closing خَٰسِـِٔينَ is that accusative form here, matching the apes-word it describes. L2 · R7

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that follows its noun and matches it. خَٰسِـِٔينَ 'despised' follows قِرَدَةً 'apes' and matches it: both speak of many, both are treated as 'he', both carry the accusative role, and neither wears 'the': 'apes, DESPISED ones'. L7 · R1

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built on the pattern فَاعِل — first root letter, then a long ā, then a kasrah ـِ before the last root letter — naming the one in the action's state. خَٰسِـِٔينَ carries that shape: the long ā after its خ and the pattern's kasrah ـِ on the س — the ع-position of فَاعِل — while the kasrah of the final ـِينَ belongs to the case ending, not the pattern: 'ones despised and driven away'. L11 · R1