Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun hooks a whole describing sentence onto something, and ٱلَّذِينَ is the form for a group: 'those who' — described by the little sentence 'transgressed'. L5 · R13

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. 'Those who transgressed' are the ones the knowing landed on; ٱلَّذِينَ keeps one fixed written shape, so no fathah appears — the accusative is the role it fills. L9 · R3

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. ٱعْتَدَ names an action — transgressing — from the root عدو: to be an enemy, enmity, hostility, to transgress. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending وْا۟ — the 'they' marker — sits on ٱعْتَدَوْا۟: 'they transgressed', already done. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has at least one of the weak letters و or ي among its root letters, named by which slot is weak. The root عدو carries the weak و as its last letter — and that letter does not stand on the page: only the ع and د of the root show before the ending. L24 · R2

Form VIII Verb · اِفْتَعَلَA Form VIII verb is identified by an extra ت tucked in just after the first root letter. ٱعْتَدَ shows exactly that: the root's ع, then the inserted تَ, then the د — the mark of this form: 'they transgressed'. L13 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وْا۟ on ٱعْتَدَوْا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'they'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وْا۟ is that doer, 'they' — the transgressors; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِن is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'from/of' is one of the common prepositions: transgressors 'from among' you. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; glued to a particle, it is governed by that particle. The ending كُمْ on مِنكُمْ stands for 'you all' — the transgressors were from your own ranks. L3 · R6

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. فِى is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. فِي 'in' is one of the common prepositions: transgressed 'in' the matter of the Sabbath. L4 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a naming word to mean 'the' — one specific, known one. On ٱلسَّبْتِ the next letter س is one of the fourteen 'solar' letters — the letters made near where ل itself is made, which swallow the ل of ال so it is written but not heard — so the س doubles, shown by the shaddah ـّ, the small w-shaped mark above it: as-sabt, 'the Sabbath'. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. سَّبْتِ names the Sabbath, from the root سبت — Sabbath, Saturday, day of rest. L1 · R1

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. سَّبْتِ ends in that kasrah ـِ because فِى stands before it. L2 · R12

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or shift. The prefix فَ here turns from their deceit to the sentence passed on them: so We said. L14 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. قُلْ names an action — saying — from the root قول, to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending نَا — the 'We' marker — sits on قُلْنَا: 'We said', already done. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and those weak letters love to vanish. قُلْ looks too short for a three-letter root — only the ق and ل of قول show; the weak middle و has dropped out, and the ḍammah ـُ — the small curl above the ق — is its leftover fingerprint. L24 · R13

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending نَا on فَقُلْنَا is such a suffix, standing for 'We'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending نَا is that doer, 'We'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix لَ 'to' is one of the common prepositions: We said 'to' them. L4 · R2

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هُمْ 'them'. Though the label reads it as a standalone word, it is written joined after the preposition لَ and works like the glued-on endings for 'their/them', naming those addressed: 'to them'. L3 · R7

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. كُونُ names being — 'be!' — from the root كون: to be, exist, happen. L1 · R7

Imperative Verb · فعل أمرAn imperative verb is a direct command addressed to 'you', formed from the present-tense verb by removing its opening prefix. كُونُوا۟ is that command shape aimed at a group — its ending وا۟ points the order at 'you all': be! L10 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and a middle weak letter hides behind a long alif in the past tense — كَانَ 'he was' is really the root كون. In this command shape the disguise falls away: the root's middle و stands in plain view as the long و of كُونُوا۟. L24 · R4

Kāna Verb · كان وأخواتهاكَانَ is an incomplete verb: it keeps its topic in the nominative — the topic's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter — and puts its comment into the accusative, usually a fathah ـَ, often doubled to tanwīn ـً. Here the topic is the وا۟ 'you all' — a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so the nominative is the role it fills — and the comment قِرَدَةً wears exactly that doubled fathah ـً: 'BE apes'. L18 · R3

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on كُونُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R7

Noun · اسمA word that ends with the tā marbūtah ة is a noun, a naming word. قِرَدَةً names apes, from the root قرد — apes. L1 · R3

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. قِرَدَةً is treated as 'he' — a masculine noun: the ة at its end belongs to this word's plural shape rather than serving as a 'she' marker. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more, made either by adding an ending or by reshaping the word from the inside — a 'broken' plural. قِرَدَةً is such a reshaped plural: apes, many of them. L2 · R6

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' — no particular one — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. قِرَدَةً ends in the doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. قِرَدَةً carries that doubled fathah ـً on its ة: it is the comment of the command 'be', the part the كان-family presses into this form. L2 · R11

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or quality. خَٰسِـِٔينَ names ones in a state of disgrace — despised, driven away — from the root خسا: to drive away, to reject. L1 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the landed-on ending, usually a fathah ـَ — a small stroke above the letter. Words with the ـُونَ/ـِينَ plural ending show their case differently: only the subject form ـُونَ looks distinct, and ـِينَ serves for the accusative. The ـِٔينَ closing خَٰسِـِٔينَ is that accusative form here, matching the apes-word it describes. L2 · R7

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that follows its noun and matches it. خَٰسِـِٔينَ 'despised' follows قِرَدَةً 'apes' and matches it: both speak of many, both are treated as 'he', both carry the accusative role, and neither wears 'the': 'apes, DESPISED ones'. L7 · R1

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built on the pattern فَاعِل — first root letter, then a long ā, then a kasrah ـِ before the last root letter — naming the one in the action's state. خَٰسِـِٔينَ carries that shape: the long ā after its خ and the pattern's kasrah ـِ on the س — the ع-position of فَاعِل — while the kasrah of the final ـِينَ belongs to the case ending, not the pattern: 'ones despised and driven away'. L11 · R1