Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or shift. The prefix فَ here turns from their turning away to what saved them. L14 · R1

Conditional Particle · أداة شرطA conditional particle sets up a two-part sentence — a condition and its result. لَوْلَا means 'if not for / were it not for': had the favor of Allah not existed, the result — being among the losers — would have followed. L16 · R6

Noun · اسمA word whose final vowel mark changes with its job in the sentence is a noun, a naming word. فَضْلُ names favor, from the root فضل — to favor, excel; bounty, grace. L1 · R5

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or main topic of its sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. فَضْلُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ on its ل. L2 · R10

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a sentence opens by talking about — its topic — and it stands in the nominative, shown here by the ḍammah ـُ, the small curl above the ل. 'The favor of Allah' is the topic whose absence the 'if not for' imagines. L6 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or idea — including proper names. ٱللَّهِ is the proper name of Allah. L1 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. ٱللَّهِ ends in that kasrah ـِ. L2 · R12

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — shown here by the kasrah ـِ ending ٱللَّهِ. It fills that owner slot after فَضْلُ: 'the favor OF Allah'. L5 · R5

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. عَلَيْ is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. عَلَى 'on/upon' — written عَلَيْ before its suffix — is one of the common prepositions: favor 'upon you'. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; glued to a particle, it is governed by that particle. The ending كُمْ on عَلَيْكُمْ stands for 'you all' — those the favor rests upon. L3 · R6

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word like 'and', and the joined word takes the same case as the one before it. The prefix وَ adds His mercy to His favor — both end in the ḍammah ـُ, the small curl above the last letter. L4 · R4

Noun · اسمA word whose final vowel mark changes with its job in the sentence is a noun, a naming word. رَحْمَتُ names mercy, from the root رحم — to have mercy on, have compassion upon, pity. L1 · R5

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she', typically marked by a ة at its end. This word's bare form رَحْمَة ends in exactly that ة; when an ending is glued on, the ة is written in its open shape ت — the تُ of رَحْمَتُهُۥ. L2 · R1

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or main topic of its sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. رَحْمَتُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ, the same ending as the favor it is joined to by وَ. L2 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هُۥ on وَرَحْمَتُهُۥ is such a suffix, standing for 'His': HIS mercy. L3 · R7

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending هُۥ fills that owner slot: 'the mercy OF Him'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Emphatic Lām & Nūn · لام التوكيد ونون التوكيدThe emphatic لَـ at the front of a word presses down on the statement to say it is really, surely true, changing no ending. The لَ opening لَكُنتُم seals the result of the 'if not for': you would SURELY have been among the losers. L20 · R14

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. كُن names being — 'you would have been' — from the root كون: to be, exist, happen. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending تُم — the 'you all' marker — sits on لَكُنتُم. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and those weak letters love to vanish. كُن looks too short for a three-letter root — only the ك and ن of كون show; the weak middle و has dropped out, and the ḍammah ـُ — the small curl above the ك — is its leftover fingerprint. L24 · R13

Kāna Verb · كان وأخواتهاكَانَ is an incomplete verb: it needs both a topic and a comment to finish its meaning, and it keeps that topic in the nominative — the topic's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the final letter. Its topic here is the تُم 'you all' — a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one — and the comment is the phrase that follows: 'among the losers'. L18 · R1

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending تُم on لَكُنتُم is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R7

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِّنَ is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'of/among' is one of the common prepositions: 'AMONG the losers'. L4 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a naming word to mean 'the' — one specific, known group. ٱلْخَٰسِرِينَ wears that prefix — here the ل keeps its own sound, written with the sukūn ـْ, the small circle meaning no vowel follows: al-khāsirīn, 'the losers'. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. خَٰسِرِينَ names the losers, from the root خسر — to lose, be a loser, suffer loss. L1 · R1

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); خَٰسِرِينَ ends in that ـِينَ: many losers. L2 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the 'of'-and-after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the letter. Words with the ـُونَ/ـِينَ plural ending show their case differently: only the subject form ـُونَ looks distinct, and ـِينَ serves for both the accusative and the genitive. The ـِينَ on خَٰسِرِينَ is that genitive form here, standing after مِّنَ. L2 · R7

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built on the pattern فَاعِل — first root letter, then a long ā, then a kasrah ـِ before the last root letter — naming the one who does. خَٰسِرِ carries that shape: the long ā after its خ and the kasrah on its س — 'the ones who lose'. L11 · R1