Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word like 'and' that ties actions together. The prefix وَ joins the raising of the mount to the taking of the covenant. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. رَفَعْ names an action — raising — from the root رفع: to raise, hoist. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending نَا — the 'We' marker — sits on رَفَعْنَا: 'We raised', already done. L8 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending نَا on وَرَفَعْنَا is such a suffix, standing for 'We'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending نَا is that doer, 'We'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. فَوْقَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ — the fixed ending this where-word always wears. L2 · R11

Place Adverb · ظرف مكانA place adverb is a naming word, fixed in the accusative with its fathah ـَ — a small stroke above the last letter — that tells where the action happens. فَوْقَ 'above' is one of the high-frequency ones, chained to the word after it: raised 'ABOVE you'. L26 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending كُمُ on فَوْقَكُمُ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R7

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending كُمُ fills that owner slot after the where-word فَوْقَ: 'above OF you' — over you; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a naming word to mean 'the' — one specific, known one. On ٱلطُّورَ the next letter ط is one of the fourteen 'solar' letters — the letters made near where ل itself is made, which swallow the ل of ال so it is written but not heard — so the ط doubles, shown by the shaddah ـّ, the small w-shaped mark above it: aṭ-ṭūr, 'the mount'. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. طُّورَ names the mount, from the root طور — mountain (especially Mount Sinai/Tur). L1 · R1

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. طُّورَ ends in that fathah ـَ on its ر. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ above the ر. The mount is what the raising landed on: We raised THE MOUNT over you. L9 · R3

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. خُذُ names an action — taking hold — from the root اخذ: to take, seize, grasp. L1 · R7

Imperative Verb · فعل أمرAn imperative verb is a direct command addressed to 'you', formed from the present-tense verb by removing its opening prefix. خُذُوا۟ is that command shape aimed at a group — its ending وا۟ points the order at 'you all': take hold! L10 · R1

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) as one of its root letters, and in the command shape that hamza may be cut away — كُلْ 'Eat!' from أَكَلَ is the classic case. خُذُوا۟ is exactly that trimmed command of أَخَذَ: the root's opening hamza is gone, leaving only خ and ذ on the page. L24 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on خُذُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ is that doer, 'you all' — the ones commanded to hold fast; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun hooks a whole describing sentence onto something, and مَا is the neutral form for non-human things: 'that which / what'. مَآ carries the describing sentence 'We have given you': take WHAT We have given you. L5 · R13

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. 'What We have given you' is what the taking must land on; مَآ keeps one fixed written shape, so no fathah appears — the accusative is the role it fills. L9 · R3

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. ءَاتَيْ names an action — giving — from the root اتي: to come, bring, give. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending نَٰ — the 'We' marker — sits inside ءَاتَيْنَٰكُم: 'We gave', already done. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has at least one of the weak letters و or ي among its root letters, named by which slot is weak. The root اتي carries the weak ي as its last letter — visible here as the يْ closing the stem ءَاتَيْ. L24 · R2

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) as one of its root letters. The root اتي carries it as the first letter, and it opens the word inside the long ءَا of ءَاتَيْنَٰكُم. L24 · R11

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is built by adding a hamzah to the front of the root. The root اتي itself begins with a hamza, and the form's added hamza has fused with it into the long-opening ءَا of ءَاتَيْنَٰكُم — the root speaks of coming, and this shape means making something come to someone: giving. L12 · R5

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. ءَاتَيْنَٰكُم carries two: نَٰ standing for 'We' and كُم standing for 'you all' — one written word packs the whole sentence 'We gave you'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending نَٰ is that doer, 'We' — the Giver; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, and when it is a pronoun it attaches to the end of the verb as a suffix — like the كُمْ in خَلَقَكُمْ 'He created you'. The closing كُم of ءَاتَيْنَٰكُم is that object, 'you all', in the accusative role — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the letter — though a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape. L9 · R5

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix بِ 'with' tells the manner of the taking: hold it 'WITH strength'. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA word that ends with the tā marbūtah ة is a noun, a naming word. قُوَّةٍ names strength, from the root قوي — to be or become strong, powerful, vigorous, forceful. L1 · R3

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she', typically marked by a ة at its end. قُوَّةٍ ends in exactly that ة. L2 · R1

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' — no particular one — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. قُوَّةٍ ends in the doubled kasrah ـٍ. L2 · R8

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter — doubled to tanwīn ـٍ when the word is indefinite. قُوَّةٍ ends in that doubled kasrah ـٍ because بِ stands before it. L2 · R12

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word like 'and' that ties one command to another. The prefix وَ joins the remembering to the holding fast. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. ٱذْكُرُ names an action — remembering — from the root ذكر: recollection, admonition, remembrance. L1 · R7

Imperative Verb · فعل أمرAn imperative verb is a direct command addressed to 'you', formed from the present-tense verb by removing its opening prefix and adding a helping ٱ when what remains starts with a vowelless letter. ٱذْكُرُوا۟ shows that helping ٱ at its front, commanding a group — the ending وا۟ points the order at 'you all': remember! L10 · R1

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on وَٱذْكُرُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ is that doer, 'you all' — the ones told to remember; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun hooks a whole describing sentence onto something, and مَا is the neutral form for non-human things: 'that which / what'. مَا carries the phrase 'in it': remember WHAT is in it. L5 · R13

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. 'What is in it' is what the remembering must land on; مَا keeps one fixed written shape, so no fathah appears — the accusative is the role it fills. L9 · R3

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. فِي is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. فِي 'in' is one of the common prepositions: what is 'in' it. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; glued to a particle, it is governed by that particle. The ending هِ on فِيهِ stands for 'it' — the given Book. L3 · R6

Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعللَعَلَّ — one of the family of particles that sit before a topic-plus-comment sentence, each carrying the doubling shaddah ـّ, seen here on its لَّ — expresses hope or expectation, 'perhaps / so that'; in Allah's speech it typically reveals the purpose behind a command. The commands to hold fast and remember are for this end: so that you may become mindful. L15 · R8

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending كُمْ on لَعَلَّكُمْ stands for 'you all' — the ones the hope is spoken over; this particle family pushes its topic into the accusative, the form usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter, though a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape — the accusative is the role it fills. L3 · R7

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. تَتَّقُ names an action — guarding oneself, being mindful — from the root وقي: to fear Allah, guard against evil, consciousness of Allah, piety. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. تَتَّقُونَ opens with the letter ت — the 'you' prefix — standing before the root letters. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself shows the mood: kept in the normal mood, dropped after trimming words. تَتَّقُونَ is the 'you all do' shape with its نَ still in place — the sign of the normal mood. L10 · R10

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has a و or ي among its root letters, which love to soften or vanish. From the root وقي, the weak و has folded into the doubled تّ of تَتَّقُونَ, hiding that root letter. L24 · R1

Form VIII Verb · اِفْتَعَلَA Form VIII verb tucks an extra تـ just after the first root letter. In تَتَّقُونَ, from the root وقي, that inserted تـ has merged with the root to give the doubled تّ — shown by the shaddah ـّ, the small w-shaped mark — marking it as Form VIII: making oneself guarded, mindful. L13 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending ونَ on تَتَّقُونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending ونَ is that doer, 'you all' — the ones hoped to become mindful; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4