Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel marks ـٌ ـً ـٍ — is a noun, a naming word. قَوْلًا carries the doubled fathah ـً and names a saying, from the root قول, to say, speak, tell. L1 · R2

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' — no particular one named — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. قَوْلًا carries the doubled fathah ـً: 'a statement' of their own invention. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. قَوْلًا carries that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the doubled fathah ـً. 'A statement' is what their changing produced and put in place. L9 · R3

Verbal Noun (Masdar) · المصدرA verbal noun (masdar) names the action itself as a thing, with no person or time attached — from 'he said' you get 'a saying'. قَوْل is exactly that: the said thing itself, here the words they swapped in. L22 · R2

Noun · اسمA word whose final vowel mark changes with its job in the sentence is a noun, a naming word. غَيْرَ names otherness — 'other than' — from the root غير: other than, different from. L1 · R5

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. غَيْرَ ends in that fathah ـَ, matching the قَوْلًا it follows. L2 · R11

Apposition (Badal) · بدلApposition (badal) is a second naming word that renames the one before it to make it clearer, matching it in ending. غَيْرَ 'other than…' clarifies قَوْلًا 'a statement': namely, one OTHER than what they were told — both wear the landed-on fathah ـَ. L7 · R4

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word like 'that which' that hooks a whole describing sentence onto something. ٱلَّذِى is the form for one thing: 'that which was said to them'. L5 · R13

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. ٱلَّذِى fills that owner slot after غَيْرَ: 'other THAN that-which…'; a relative pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears — the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. قِيلَ names an action — saying — from the root قول, to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed; its base shape is the 'he/it' form with no ending added. قِيلَ is that bare base shape: 'it was said', already done. L8 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters. The root of قِيلَ is قول, with the weak و in the middle; in this shape the middle surfaces instead as the long ي you see — the weak letter changing its face again. L24 · R4

Passive Voice · المبني للمجهولA passive voice verb leaves the doer unnamed by reshaping its inner vowels rather than adding any word. In this hollow verb the passive reshaping shows as the kasrah ـِ — the small stroke below the ق — followed by the long ي: قِيلَ, 'it WAS said', with the sayer left unnamed. L11 · R4

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix لَ 'to/for' is one of the common prepositions: said 'to them'. L4 · R2

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a stand-in word for 'you/he/they'. هُمْ here stands for 'them'; though the label reads it as a standalone word, it is written joined onto the little word لَ and works like the glued-on 'them' endings, governed by that لَ. L3 · R7

Causal Particle · فاء السببيةThe causal فَ ties an action to the reason behind it — 'so'. Because they changed the words, therefore the punishment came down. L14 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. أَنزَلْ names an action — sending down — from the root نزل, to come down, descend, send down. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending نَا — the 'We' marker — sits on أَنزَلْنَا: 'We sent down', already done; the أَ at the verb's front is not a tense marker but belongs to the verb's form. L8 · R2

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb adds a hamzah to the front of the root, usually meaning causing the action to happen — أَنْزَلَ 'sent down' is a textbook case. أَنزَلْ shows that added أَ before the root letters: the root means to come down; this form means We made it come down. L12 · R5

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending نَا on أَنزَلْنَا is such a suffix, standing for 'We'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending نَا is that doer, 'We'; an attached pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. عَلَى is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls what follows it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. عَلَى 'on/upon' is one of the common prepositions: sent down 'upon' the wrongdoers. L4 · R2

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word like 'those who' that hooks a whole describing sentence onto someone. ٱلَّذِينَ names the group again — 'those who wronged' — pinning the punishment precisely on the guilty; it keeps one fixed written shape whatever its role. L5 · R13

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. ظَلَمُ names an action — wronging — from the root ظلم, to do wrong, treat unjustly, oppress. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending وا۟ — the 'they' marker — sits on ظَلَمُوا۟: 'they wronged'. L8 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on ظَلَمُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'they'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ is the doer of the wronging inside this describing clause; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel marks ـٌ ـً ـٍ — is a noun, a naming word. رِجْزًا carries the doubled fathah ـً and names a punishment, from the root رجز — divine punishment, abomination. L1 · R2

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' — no particular one named — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. رِجْزًا carries the doubled fathah ـً: 'a punishment'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. رِجْزًا carries that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the doubled fathah ـً. The punishment is what the sending-down delivered. L9 · R3

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِّنَ is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'from' is one of the common prepositions: a punishment 'from' the sky. L4 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال meaning 'the' — one specific, known one. Its ل is written in ٱلسَّمَآءِ but not heard: س is one of the fourteen 'solar' letters — letters made near where ل itself is made, which swallow the ل of ال — so the س doubles instead, shown by the shaddah ـّ, the small w-shaped mark above it. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. سَّمَآءِ names the sky, from the root سمو, to be high, elevated; sky, heaven. L1 · R1

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she', typically marked by ة, by ى, or by the ending اء — alif and hamzah. سَمَآء ends in exactly that اء. L2 · R1

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. سَّمَآءِ ends in that kasrah ـِ because مِّنَ stands before it. L2 · R12

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls what follows it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix بِ 'by/because of' is one of the common prepositions: punished 'because of' what they kept doing. L4 · R2

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word like 'that which' that hooks a whole describing sentence onto what came before. مَا is the form used for non-human things: 'because of WHAT they were doing' — the clause after it fills in the what. L5 · R13

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. كَانُ names a state — being — from the root كون, to be, exist, happen. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes something already done, and who it concerns is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending وا۟ — the 'they' marker — sits on كَانُوا۟: 'they were'. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters. كَانَ is a 'hollow' one — its middle root letter hides behind a long alif: the root is really كون, with و in the middle. L24 · R4

Kāna Verb · كان وأخواتهاكَانَ and its sisters are incomplete verbs: they need both a subject and a telling part to finish their meaning — 'they were' — WHAT? كَانُوا۟ here waits for its completion: '…defiantly disobeying'. L18 · R1

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on كَانُوا۟ stands for 'they' — the ones the 'were'-statement is about; كَانَ keeps this subject of its own in the nominative, the subject's form usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the letter, but a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so the nominative is the role it fills. L3 · R7

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَفْسُقُ names an action — defiant disobedience — from the root فسق, to disobey defiantly, transgress. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. يَفْسُقُونَ opens with the prefix يَ, always standing before the root letters — with كَانُوا۟ before it, it paints a disobeying they kept on doing. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself shows the mood: kept in the normal mood, dropped after trimming words. يَفْسُقُونَ is the 'they do' shape with its نَ kept. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending ونَ on يَفْسُقُونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'they'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The و in the ending ونَ names the doers of the disobeying, 'they'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4