Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. قَوْلًا names such a thing: '(the) word', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. قَوْلًا carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. قَوْلًا carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: '(the) word'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. قَوْلًا carries that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the doubled fathah ـً. 'A statement' is what their changing produced and put in place. L9 · R3

Verbal Noun (Masdar) · المصدرA verbal noun (masdar) names the action itself as a thing, with no person or time attached — from 'he said' you get 'a saying'. قَوْل is exactly that: the said thing itself, here the words they swapped in. L22 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. غَيْرَ names such a thing: 'other (than)', from the root غير: other than, different from; to change, alter. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. غَيْرَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. غَيْرَ ends in that fathah ـَ, matching the قَوْلًا it follows. L2 · R11

Apposition (Badal) · بدلApposition (badal) is a second naming word that renames the one before it to make it clearer, matching it in ending. غَيْرَ 'other than…' clarifies قَوْلًا 'a statement': namely, one OTHER than what they were told — both wear the landed-on fathah ـَ. L7 · R4

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word like 'who' or 'which' that hooks a whole describing sentence onto whoever or whatever it points to. ٱلَّذِى · '(that) which' is the masculine singular form — used when it points to one person or thing Arabic treats as 'he'. Its shape is fixed: this word never changes its ending to show its job in the sentence. L5 · R13

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهArabic says 'of' by chaining two naming words directly together: غَيْرَ ٱلَّذِى reads 'other (than) — (that) which'. ٱلَّذِى fills the owner slot — the second position of the chain, the position that carries the genitive, the after-'of' ending usually shown by a kasrah ـِ (a small slanted stroke below the letter) — though this word is one of the fixed-shape words whose ending never changes to show it. L5 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. قِيلَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'was said', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed. Its plain base shape — the shape Arabic uses for a single 'he' — carries no who-ending glued to its tail, and قِيلَ is exactly that bare base: 'was said', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L8 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of قِيلَ is قول: to say, speak, tell — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Passive Voice · المبني للمجهولA passive voice verb leaves the doer unnamed by reshaping its inner vowels rather than adding any word. In this hollow verb the passive reshaping shows as the kasrah ـِ — the small stroke below the ق — followed by the long ي: قِيلَ, 'it WAS said', with the sayer left unnamed. L11 · R4

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix لَ at the front of لَهُمْ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'to/for' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a stand-in word for 'you/he/they'. هُمْ here stands for 'them'; though the label reads it as a standalone word, it is written joined onto the little word لَ and works like the glued-on 'them' endings, governed by that لَ. L3 · R7

Causal Particle · فاء السببيةThe causal فَ ties an action to the reason behind it — 'so'. Because they changed the words, therefore the punishment came down. L14 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. أَنزَلْ speaks of an action already carried out: 'so We sent down', from the root نزل: to come down, descend, send down, reveal. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On فَأَنزَلْنَا that ending is نَا, telling exactly who is meant: 'so We sent down', from the root نزل: to come down, descend, send down, reveal. L8 · R2

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters — the way سَلِمَ 'was safe' becomes أَسْلَمَ 'submitted' — often giving the sense of making or causing the action. أَنزَلْ carries that added hamza at its front: 'so We sent down', from the root نزل: to come down, descend, send down, reveal. L12 · R5

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. نَا · 'us/our' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — فَأَنزَلْنَا — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending نَا is that doer, 'We'; an attached pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. عَلَى · 'on/upon' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. عَلَى · 'on/upon' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word like 'who' or 'which' that hooks a whole describing sentence onto whoever or whatever it points to. ٱلَّذِينَ · 'those who' is the masculine plural form — 'those who' — used when it points to a group of people. Its shape is fixed: this word never changes its ending to show its job in the sentence. L5 · R13

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. ظَلَمُ speaks of an action already carried out: 'wronged', from the root ظلم: to do wrong or evil, to wrong, to treat unjustly, ill-treat, oppress, harm, suppress, tyrannise. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On ظَلَمُوا۟ that ending is وا۟, telling exactly who is meant: 'wronged', from the root ظلم: to do wrong or evil, to wrong, to treat unjustly, ill-treat, oppress, harm, suppress, tyrannise. L8 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. وا۟ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — ظَلَمُوا۟ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ is the doer of the wronging inside this describing clause; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. رِجْزًا names such a thing: 'a punishment', from the root رجز: abomination, filth, divine punishment, uncleanness. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. رِجْزًۭا carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. رِجْزًا carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'a punishment'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. رِجْزًا carries that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the doubled fathah ـً. The punishment is what the sending-down delivered. L9 · R3

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مِّنَ · 'from/of' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. مِّنَ · 'from/of' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, س, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: ٱلسَّمَآءِ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. سَّمَآءِ names the sky, from the root سمو, to be high, elevated; sky, heaven. L1 · R1

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'; one of its markers is the ending اء — an alif followed by the letter hamzah. سَّمَآءِ ends with exactly that اء, so it is treated as feminine: 'the sky'. L2 · R1

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. سَّمَآءِ stands right after such a little word, so its final letter carries exactly that kasrah ـِ: ٱلسَّمَآءِ. L2 · R12

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِمَا is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a whole describing sentence onto its meaning. مَا · 'because' is the relative word Arabic uses for non-human things — 'what' or 'that which' — one fixed shape for any gender and any number: its ending never changes to show its job in the sentence. L5 · R13

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. كَانُ speaks of an action already carried out: 'they were', from the root كون: to be, exist, happen. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On كَانُوا۟ that ending is وا۟, telling exactly who is meant: 'they were', from the root كون: to be, exist, happen. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of كَانُ is كون: to be, exist, happen — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Kāna Verb · كان وأخواتهاكَانَ and its sisters are incomplete verbs: they need both a subject and a telling part to finish their meaning — 'they were' — WHAT? كَانُوا۟ here waits for its completion: '…defiantly disobeying'. L18 · R1

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on كَانُوا۟ stands for 'they' — the ones the 'were'-statement is about; كَانَ keeps this subject of its own in the nominative, the subject's form usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the letter, but a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so the nominative is the role it fills. L3 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَفْسُقُ is an action unfolding now: 'defiantly disobeying', from the root فسق: to disobey defiantly, transgress, rebellious disobedience. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَفْسُقُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'defiantly disobeying', from the root فسق: to disobey defiantly, transgress, rebellious disobedience. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. يَفْسُقُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — يَفْسُقُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The و in the ending ونَ names the doers of the disobeying, 'they'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4