Causal Particle · فاء السببيةThe causal فَ ties an action to the reason behind it — 'so'. Because Musa asked, therefore: We said. L14 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. قُلْ names an action — saying — from the root قول, to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending نَا — the 'We' marker — sits on قُلْنَا: 'We said', already done. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and those weak letters love to vanish. قُلْ looks too short for a three-letter root — only the ق and ل of قول show; the weak middle و has dropped out, and the ḍammah ـُ — the small curl above the ق — is its leftover fingerprint. L24 · R13

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending نَا on قُلْنَا is such a suffix, standing for 'We'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending نَا is that doer, 'We'; an attached pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. ٱضْرِب names an action — striking — from the root ضرب, to strike. L1 · R7

Imperative Verb · فعل أمرAn imperative verb is a direct command addressed to 'you', formed from the present-tense verb by removing its opening prefix and adding a helping ٱ when what remains starts with a vowelless letter. ٱضْرِب shows that helping ٱ at its front — a command to one man, Musa: strike! L10 · R1

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix بِّ 'with' is one of the common prepositions: strike 'with' your staff. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or idea. عَصَا names the staff, from the root عصو — staff. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine ة marker at its end, so it is treated here as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. عَصَا ends in the long letter ا, which carries no vowel mark, so nothing shows on the page — the genitive, forced by the بِّ before it, is the role the word fills. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending كَ on بِّعَصَاكَ is such a suffix, standing for 'your': YOUR staff. L3 · R7

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending كَ fills that owner slot: 'the staff OF you'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a naming word to mean 'the' — one specific, known one. ٱلْحَجَرَ wears that prefix: 'the stone', the known stone. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. حَجَرَ names the stone, from the root حجر — stone. L1 · R1

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. حَجَرَ ends in that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ above its last letter. The stone is what the commanded strike lands on. L9 · R3

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or shift. The prefix فَ here turns from the command to what then happened: 'And there gushed forth…'. L14 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. ٱنفَجَرَتْ names an action — bursting forth — from the root فجر, to split open, burst forth. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending تْ — the 'she' marker, wearing the sukūn ـْ, a small circle meaning no vowel follows — sits on ٱنفَجَرَتْ, agreeing with the springs, spoken of as 'she': 'it gushed forth', already done. L8 · R2

Form VII Verb · اِنْفَعَلَA Form VII verb adds اِنـ to the front of the root, meaning the action simply happens to the subject — اِنْفَجَرَ 'burst forth' is a textbook case. ٱنفَجَرَتْ shows that ٱن at its front: the water did not split anything — it itself burst out. L13 · R3

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِنْ is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'from' is one of the common prepositions: gushed 'from it'. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; glued to a particle, it is governed by that particle. The ending هُ on مِنْهُ stands for 'it' — the stone. L3 · R6

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or idea — including number words. ٱثْنَتَا names 'two', from the root ثني, to double, make two. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she'. ٱثْنَتَا is the 'she'-shape of the number two, used because it counts عَيْنًا 'spring' — itself a word treated as 'she' even without a visible marker. L2 · R2

Dual Noun · مثنىA dual noun refers to exactly two of something and carries its role in its ending — ـَانِ for the nominative, ـَيْنِ for the accusative and genitive. ٱثْنَتَا wears the long ا of that dual ending (its ن is not written in this joined number phrase): 'two', paired with 'ten' to make twelve. L2 · R5

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject of its sentence, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. ٱثْنَتَا shows no ḍammah — the long ا is the shape this two-word wears in the subject role — so the nominative here is the role it fills, not a curl on show. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action in a verb-first sentence, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ above the last letter, shown on this dual by its ا ending instead. The twelve springs are what did the gushing. L9 · R2

Noun · اسمA word that ends with the tā marbūtah ة is a noun, a naming word. عَشْرَةَ names 'ten', from the root عشر — ten. L1 · R3

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she', typically marked by a ة at its end. عَشْرَةَ ends in exactly that ة. L2 · R1

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the owner's ending in an 'of' pairing, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. عَشْرَةَ fills a genitive role here, but what is written on its end is a fathah ـَ — a small stroke above the ة — the fixed shape this word keeps inside the joined number 'two-ten'; the genitive is the role, not a mark on show. L2 · R12

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the second fills the owner slot in the genitive — usually a kasrah ـِ below the last letter. عَشْرَةَ 'ten' stands as that second half of the pair ٱثْنَتَا عَشْرَةَ, 'two-of-ten' — twelve; on this joined number word the written ending stays a fathah ـَ, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel marks ـٌ ـً ـٍ — is a noun, a naming word. عَيْنًا carries the doubled fathah ـً and names a spring, from the root عين — eye, spring of water. L1 · R2

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she'. عَيْن carries no visible marker like ة, yet is one of the words simply known to be feminine — it must be memorized. L2 · R2

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' — no particular one — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. عَيْنًا carries the doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. عَيْنًا carries that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Specification (Tamyīz) · التمييزThe tamyīz is an indefinite accusative naming word added to pin down what a vague statement is about, and it appears after numbers to specify the counted unit. 'Twelve' of what? عَيْنًا answers: springs — written as a single 'spring' with the doubled fathah ـً, the shape Arabic uses for the counted unit after such numbers. L21 · R13

Certainty Particle (قَدْ) · حرف تحقيقThe certainty particle قَدْ, placed before a past tense verb, stresses that the action truly happened. Here it stands before عَلِمَ 'knew': every tribe certainly knew its own spring. L20 · R16

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. عَلِمَ names an action — knowing — from the root علم, to know; knowledge. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed; its base shape is the 'he' form with no ending added. عَلِمَ is exactly that bare base shape: 'knew', already settled. L8 · R1

Noun · اسمA word whose final vowel mark changes with its job in the sentence is a noun, a naming word. كُلُّ names a whole — 'every, each' — from the root كلل: entirely, all, each one. L1 · R5

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject of its sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. كُلُّ ends in that ḍammah ـُ, sitting atop its doubled final letter. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action in a verb-first sentence, standing in the nominative — shown here by the ḍammah ـُ on كُلُّ. 'Every group of people' is who did the knowing. L9 · R2

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel marks ـٌ ـً ـٍ — is a noun, a naming word. أُنَاسٍ ends in the doubled kasrah ـٍ and names people, from the root انس — man. L1 · R2

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more, made either by adding an ending or by reshaping the word from the inside — a 'broken' plural. أُنَاس is such a reshaped plural: people, many of them, with no added plural ending. L2 · R6

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' — no particular one — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. أُنَاسٍ ends in the doubled kasrah ـٍ: any group of people, each tribe alike. L2 · R8

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter — doubled to tanwīn ـٍ when the word is indefinite. أُنَاسٍ ends in that doubled kasrah ـٍ. L2 · R12

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — shown here by the doubled kasrah ـٍ on أُنَاسٍ. It fills that owner slot after كُلُّ: 'every ONE OF the peoples' — each tribe. L5 · R5

Noun · اسمA word whose final vowel mark changes with its job in the sentence is a noun, a naming word. مَّشْرَبَ names a drinking place, from the root شرب, to drink. L1 · R5

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. مَّشْرَبَ ends in that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ above the ب. The drinking place is what each tribe's knowing landed on. L9 · R3

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هُمْ on مَّشْرَبَهُمْ is such a suffix, standing for 'their': THEIR drinking place. L3 · R7

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending هُمْ fills that owner slot: 'the drinking place OF them'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. كُلُ names an action — eating — from the root اكل, to eat, consume. L1 · R7

Imperative Verb · فعل أمرAn imperative verb is a direct command addressed to 'you', formed from the present-tense verb by removing its opening prefix. كُلُوا۟ is that command shape aimed at a group — its ending وا۟ points the order at 'you all': eat! L10 · R1

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) as one of its root letters, and in the command shape that hamza may be cut away — كُلْ 'Eat!' from أَكَلَ is the classic case. كُلُوا۟ is exactly that trimmed command: the root's opening hamza is gone, leaving only ك and ل on the page. L24 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on كُلُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ is that doer, 'you all'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word like 'and' that ties one command to another. The prefix وَ joins the drinking to the eating. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. ٱشْرَبُ names an action — drinking — from the root شرب, to drink. L1 · R7

Imperative Verb · فعل أمرAn imperative verb is a direct command addressed to 'you', formed from the present-tense verb by removing its opening prefix and adding a helping ٱ when what remains starts with a vowelless letter. ٱشْرَبُوا۟ shows that helping ٱ at its front, commanding a group — the ending وا۟ points the order at 'you all': drink! L10 · R1

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on وَٱشْرَبُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ is that doer, 'you all'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِن is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'from' is one of the common prepositions: eat and drink 'from' the provision of Allah. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA word whose final vowel mark changes with its job in the sentence is a noun, a naming word. رِّزْقِ names provision, from the root رزق, to provide, grant, bestow. L1 · R5

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. رِّزْقِ ends in that kasrah ـِ because مِن stands before it. L2 · R12

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or idea — including proper names. ٱللَّهِ is the proper name of Allah. L1 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. ٱللَّهِ ends in that kasrah ـِ. L2 · R12

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — shown here by the kasrah ـِ ending ٱللَّهِ. It fills that owner slot after رِّزْقِ: 'the provision OF Allah'. L5 · R5

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word like 'and' that ties one command to another. The prefix وَ joins this forbidding to the commands to eat and drink. L4 · R4

Prohibition Particle · لا الناهيةThe prohibition لَا means 'do not!' — it commands someone NOT to act, and it trims the verb after it down to the cut-short jussive mood, the mood typically marked by a sukūn ـْ, a small circle above the verb's last letter. Here it forbids: do NOT act wickedly. L17 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. تَعْثَ names an action — acting wickedly — from the root عثو, to act wickedly, commit evil, act corruptly. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. تَعْثَوْا۟ opens with the prefix تَ — the letter for 'you' — always standing before the root letters. L8 · R3

Jussive Mood · الفعل المجزومA jussive verb is a present tense verb cut down because a trimming particle — like the forbidding لَا — stands before it; for the 'you all' shape the trimming shows by dropping the final نَ. تَعْثَوْا۟ has lost exactly that نَ: the 'do not!' before it cut it away. L10 · R5

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself shows the mood: kept in the normal mood, dropped after trimming words. تَعْثَوْا۟ is the 'you all do' shape with its نَ dropped — the sign that the forbidding لَا has trimmed it. L10 · R10

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and those weak letters love to vanish. The root of تَعْثَ is عثو: its weak final و does not stand as a root letter on the page — only the ع and ث of the root show before the ending. L24 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وْا۟ on تَعْثَوْا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وْا۟ is that doer, 'you all' — the ones forbidden from the wickedness; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. فِى is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. فِي 'in' is one of the common prepositions: no wickedness 'in' the earth. L4 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a naming word to mean 'the' — one specific, known one. ٱلْأَرْضِ wears that prefix: 'the earth'. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. أَرْضِ names the earth, from the root ارض — earth, land, ground. L1 · R1

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she'. أَرْض 'earth' carries no visible marker like ة, yet is one of the words simply known to be feminine — it must be memorized. L2 · R2

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. أَرْضِ ends in that kasrah ـِ because فِى stands before it. L2 · R12

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or quality. مُفْسِدِينَ names people by their deed — corruption-spreaders — from the root فسد, to spread corruption, cause ruin. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); مُفْسِدِينَ wears that ـِينَ ending: many spreaders of corruption. L2 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the landed-on ending, usually a fathah ـَ — a small stroke above the letter. Words with the ـُونَ/ـِينَ plural ending show their case differently: only the subject form ـُونَ looks distinct, and ـِينَ serves for the accusative. The ـِينَ on مُفْسِدِينَ is that accusative form here. L2 · R7

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root to name the doer of the action; for the derived verb families it begins with مُـ and carries a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below — before its last root letter. مُفْسِدِ shows both: the مُ at its front and the kasrah on its س — 'those who DO the corrupting'. L11 · R3

Circumstantial (Hāl) · الحالThe ḥāl describes the state during the action, answering 'in what state?'; it takes the accusative — shown for this plural by its ـِينَ ending — and carries no ال. مُفْسِدِينَ names the forbidden state: do not act wickedly in the earth AS spreaders of corruption. L21 · R5