Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. قُلْ speaks of an action already carried out: 'you said', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On قُلْتُمْ that ending is تُمْ, telling exactly who is meant: 'you said', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of قُلْ is قول: to say, speak, tell — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. تُمْ · 'you all/your' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — قُلْتُمْ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending تُمْ is that doer, 'you all'; an attached pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Vocative Particle · حرف نداءA vocative particle is a calling word placed before a naming word to address someone directly. The prefix يَٰ is that 'O!' of calling: 'O Musa!' L4 · R8

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea — and in Arabic this includes proper names. مُوسَىٰ is a proper name: 'O Musa!'. L1 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is a role usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. مُوسَىٰ ends in the bent letter ىٰ, which carries no vowel mark, so nothing shows on the page — the nominative here is the role the called name fills, not a mark on show. L2 · R10

Vocative · المُنَادَىThe vocative is the person being called after يَا 'O!'. مُوسَىٰ is the one the people call out to before making their demand. L21 · R2

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. لَن · 'will not' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle is a word meaning 'not', which flips a statement to its opposite. لَنْ means 'will never': it denies the future and puts the verb after it into the subjunctive mood, typically marked by a fathah ـَ — a small stroke above the verb's last letter, seen on نُّؤْمِنَ. L4 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. نُّؤْمِنَ is an action unfolding now: '(will) we believe', from the root امن: to believe, faith, security, trust. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb is the verb shape that opens with one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت; small helper words before it can bend its time and mood. نُّؤْمِنَ wears that present-tense shape, opening with exactly such a letter: '(will) we believe', from the root امن: to believe, faith, security, trust. L8 · R3

Subjunctive Mood · الفعل المنصوبA subjunctive verb is a present tense verb whose ending changes to a fathah ـَ — a small stroke above the last letter — because a particle like لَنْ 'never will' stands before it. نُّؤْمِنَ shows exactly that fathah ـَ on its final ن, forced there by the لَن before it. L10 · R4

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) as one of its root letters, and the hamza keeps changing its written seat, which can disguise the root. The root امن begins with a hamza; in نُّؤْمِنَ it sits on a wāw seat — the ؤْ — after the ḍammah of the prefix. L24 · R11

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters; in the present tense this form announces itself instead by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the letter — sitting on the verb's opening prefix letter. نُّؤْمِنَ carries exactly that ḍammah ـُ on its opening letter: '(will) we believe', from the root امن: to believe, faith, security, trust. L12 · R7

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix لَ at the front of لَكَ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'to/for' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a stand-in word for 'you/he/they'. كَ here stands for 'you' — Musa; though the label reads it as a standalone word, it is written joined onto the little word لَ and works like the glued-on 'you' endings, governed by that لَ. L3 · R7

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. حَتَّىٰ · 'until' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. حَتَّىٰ · 'until' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. نَرَى is an action unfolding now: 'we see', from the root راي: to see, behold, perceive. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb is the verb shape that opens with one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت; small helper words before it can bend its time and mood. نَرَى wears that present-tense shape, opening with exactly such a letter: 'we see', from the root راي: to see, behold, perceive. L8 · R3

Subjunctive Mood · الفعل المنصوبThe subjunctive is one of the three moods of a present tense verb, normally shown by a fathah ـَ — a small stroke — on its last letter. نَرَى carries that mood here, but its bent final ى cannot hold a vowel mark, so no fathah appears on the page — the subjunctive is the mood the verb bears, not a mark on show. L10 · R8

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of نَرَى is راي: to see, behold, perceive — and its last letter is the weak ي, so the weakness sits at the very end of the root. L24 · R7

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) as one of its root letters, and the hamza's shifting written forms can disguise the root. The root of نَرَى is راي, with a hamza among its letters — yet no hamza appears on the page in this shape, leaving the root disguised. L24 · R11

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea — and in Arabic this includes proper names. ٱللَّهَ is a proper name: 'Allah'. L1 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. ٱللَّهَ ends in that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ on the final ه. Allah is the One their demanded seeing was to land on. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA word that ends with the tā marbūtah ة is a noun, a naming word. جَهْرَةً names openness — 'outright, in plain view' — from the root جهر, to speak loudly, proclaim openly, manifest. L1 · R3

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she', most often marked by a ة — the round 'tied tā' — at its end. جَهْرَةً carries exactly that round ة at its end, so it is treated as feminine: 'manifestly'. L2 · R1

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. جَهْرَةً carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'manifestly'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. جَهْرَةً carries that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Circumstantial (Hāl) · الحالThe ḥāl describes the state or manner during the action, answering 'how?'; it takes the accusative — here the doubled fathah ـً — and must itself be indefinite, with no ال. جَهْرَةً tells HOW they demanded the seeing happen: openly, with nothing hidden. L21 · R5

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix فَ · 'then' at the front of فَأَخَذَتْكُمُ opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. أَخَذَتْ speaks of an action already carried out: 'So seized you', from the root اخذ: to take, seize, grasp; to punish, hold accountable. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending تْ — the 'she' marker, wearing the sukūn ـْ, a small circle meaning no vowel follows — sits on أَخَذَتْ, agreeing with the thunderbolt, a 'she'-word: 'it seized', already done. L8 · R2

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) as one of its root letters. The root اخذ begins with a hamza — visible here seated on an alif, the أَ at the front of أَخَذَتْ. L24 · R11

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'me / us / them' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. كُمُ · 'you all/your' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — فَأَخَذَتْكُمُ — naming the one the action lands on. L3 · R6

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the letter. The ending كُمُ 'you all' is whom the seizing fell upon; a pronoun's written shape is fixed, so no fathah appears — the accusative is the role it fills. L9 · R5

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, ص, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: ٱلصَّـٰعِقَةُ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. صَّٰعِقَةُ names the thunderbolt, from the root صعق — to faint, fall unconscious; thunderbolt. L1 · R1

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she', most often marked by a ة — the round 'tied tā' — at its end. صَّٰعِقَةُ carries exactly that round ة at its end, so it is treated as feminine: 'the thunderbolt'. L2 · R1

Singular Noun · مفردA singular noun refers to exactly one and shows its ending with a single short vowel mark. صَّٰعِقَةُ names one thunderbolt, its single ḍammah ـُ carrying the ending. L2 · R4

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject of its sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. صَّٰعِقَةُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action in a verb-first sentence, standing in the nominative — shown here by the ḍammah ـُ on ٱلصَّٰعِقَةُ. The thunderbolt is what did the seizing. L9 · R2

Circumstantial Particle · واو الحالThe circumstantial وَ means 'while', introducing a mini-sentence that describes the state things were in during the main action. The mark that identifies it here: a complete statement beginning with a pronoun — أَنتُمْ تَنظُرُونَ 'you were looking' — follows the وَ. L14 · R3

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I/you/he/they'. أَنتُمْ is the standalone word for 'you all' — one of the twelve detached forms. L3 · R2

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a statement opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic's form usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. أَنتُمْ 'you all' opens this while-statement as its topic; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L6 · R2

Circumstantial (Hāl) · الحالThe ḥāl describes the state someone was in while the action happened. Here it takes the shape of a whole mini-sentence introduced by the 'while'-وَ: the thunderbolt struck 'while you were looking on'. L21 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. تَنظُرُ is an action unfolding now: '(were) looking', from the root نظر: to look upon, to see, to wait. L1 · R7

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, and it can be a complete verbal sentence. The topic was أَنتُمْ 'you all'; the verb-sentence تَنظُرُونَ 'were looking' is what is said about them — the inner sentence itself carries the information, with no separate 'is' needed. L6 · R4

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. تَنظُرُ opens with exactly such a letter: '(were) looking', from the root نظر: to look upon, to see, to wait. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. تَنظُرُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'you all/your' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — تَنظُرُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The و in the ending ونَ names the doers of the looking, 'you all'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4