Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. قُلْ names an action — saying — from the root قول, to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending تُمْ — the 'you all' marker — sits on قُلْتُمْ: 'you said', already done. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and those weak letters love to vanish. قُلْ looks too short for a three-letter root — only the ق and ل of قول show; the weak middle و has dropped out, and the ḍammah ـُ — the small curl above the ق — is its leftover fingerprint. L24 · R13

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending تُمْ on قُلْتُمْ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending تُمْ is that doer, 'you all'; an attached pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Vocative Particle · حرف نداءA vocative particle is a calling word placed before a naming word to address someone directly. The prefix يَٰ is that 'O!' of calling: 'O Musa!' L4 · R8

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or idea — including proper names. مُوسَىٰ is the proper name of the prophet Musa. L1 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is a role usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. مُوسَىٰ ends in the bent letter ىٰ, which carries no vowel mark, so nothing shows on the page — the nominative here is the role the called name fills, not a mark on show. L2 · R10

Vocative · المُنَادَىThe vocative is the person being called after يَا 'O!'. مُوسَىٰ is the one the people call out to before making their demand. L21 · R2

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. لَن is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle is a word meaning 'not', which flips a statement to its opposite. لَنْ means 'will never': it denies the future and puts the verb after it into the subjunctive mood, typically marked by a fathah ـَ — a small stroke above the verb's last letter, seen on نُّؤْمِنَ. L4 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. نُّؤْمِنَ names an action — believing — from the root امن, to believe; faith, security, trust. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. نُّؤْمِنَ opens with the prefix ن — the letter for 'we' — always standing before the root letters. L8 · R3

Subjunctive Mood · الفعل المنصوبA subjunctive verb is a present tense verb whose ending changes to a fathah ـَ — a small stroke above the last letter — because a particle like لَنْ 'never will' stands before it. نُّؤْمِنَ shows exactly that fathah ـَ on its final ن, forced there by the لَن before it. L10 · R4

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) as one of its root letters, and the hamza keeps changing its written seat, which can disguise the root. The root امن begins with a hamza; in نُّؤْمِنَ it sits on a wāw seat — the ؤْ — after the ḍammah of the prefix. L24 · R11

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is the shape that adds a hamzah to the front of the root; in the present tense, Forms II, III, and IV are told apart by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl — on the prefix letter. نُّؤْمِنَ carries exactly that ḍammah on its نُّ: the form of ءَامَنَ, 'to believe'. L12 · R7

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix لَ 'to/for' is one of the common prepositions: never believe 'in you'. L4 · R2

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a stand-in word for 'you/he/they'. كَ here stands for 'you' — Musa; though the label reads it as a standalone word, it is written joined onto the little word لَ and works like the glued-on 'you' endings, governed by that لَ. L3 · R7

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. حَتَّىٰ is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls what follows it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. حَتَّىٰ 'until' is one of the common prepositions: no belief 'until' the seeing. L4 · R2

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. نَرَى names an action — seeing — from the root راي, to see, behold, perceive. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. نَرَى opens with the prefix نَ — the letter for 'we' — always standing before the root letters. L8 · R3

Subjunctive Mood · الفعل المنصوبThe subjunctive is one of the three moods of a present tense verb, normally shown by a fathah ـَ — a small stroke — on its last letter. نَرَى carries that mood here, but its bent final ى cannot hold a vowel mark, so no fathah appears on the page — the subjunctive is the mood the verb bears, not a mark on show. L10 · R8

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters; when the weak letter is the last root letter, it surfaces as a final long vowel, often written as the bent ى. نَرَى ends in exactly that bent ى — the trace of its root's weak final letter. L24 · R7

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) as one of its root letters, and the hamza's shifting written forms can disguise the root. The root of نَرَى is راي, with a hamza among its letters — yet no hamza appears on the page in this shape, leaving the root disguised. L24 · R11

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or idea — including proper names. ٱللَّهَ is the proper name of Allah. L1 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. ٱللَّهَ ends in that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ on the final ه. Allah is the One their demanded seeing was to land on. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA word that ends with the tā marbūtah ة is a noun, a naming word. جَهْرَةً names openness — 'outright, in plain view' — from the root جهر, to speak loudly, proclaim openly, manifest. L1 · R3

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she', typically marked by a ة at its end. جَهْرَةً ends in exactly that ة. L2 · R1

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' — no particular one named — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. جَهْرَةً carries the doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. جَهْرَةً carries that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Circumstantial (Hāl) · الحالThe ḥāl describes the state or manner during the action, answering 'how?'; it takes the accusative — here the doubled fathah ـً — and must itself be indefinite, with no ال. جَهْرَةً tells HOW they demanded the seeing happen: openly, with nothing hidden. L21 · R5

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or shift. The prefix فَ here turns from their demand to what then struck: 'so the thunderbolt took you'. L14 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. أَخَذَتْ names an action — seizing — from the root اخذ, to take, seize, grasp. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending تْ — the 'she' marker, wearing the sukūn ـْ, a small circle meaning no vowel follows — sits on أَخَذَتْ, agreeing with the thunderbolt, a 'she'-word: 'it seized', already done. L8 · R2

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) as one of its root letters. The root اخذ begins with a hamza — visible here seated on an alif, the أَ at the front of أَخَذَتْ. L24 · R11

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending كُمُ on أَخَذَتْكُمُ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R7

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the letter. The ending كُمُ 'you all' is whom the seizing fell upon; a pronoun's written shape is fixed, so no fathah appears — the accusative is the role it fills. L9 · R5

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال meaning 'the' — one specific, known one. Its ل is written in ٱلصَّٰعِقَةُ but not heard: ص is one of the fourteen 'solar' letters — letters made near where ل itself is made, which swallow the ل of ال — so the ص doubles instead, shown by the shaddah ـّ, the small w-shaped mark above it. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. صَّٰعِقَةُ names the thunderbolt, from the root صعق — to faint, fall unconscious; thunderbolt. L1 · R1

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she', typically marked by a ة at its end. صَّٰعِقَةُ ends in exactly that ة — which is why the verb before it wears the 'she' ending تْ. L2 · R1

Singular Noun · مفردA singular noun refers to exactly one and shows its ending with a single short vowel mark. صَّٰعِقَةُ names one thunderbolt, its single ḍammah ـُ carrying the ending. L2 · R4

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject of its sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. صَّٰعِقَةُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action in a verb-first sentence, standing in the nominative — shown here by the ḍammah ـُ on ٱلصَّٰعِقَةُ. The thunderbolt is what did the seizing. L9 · R2

Circumstantial Particle · واو الحالThe circumstantial وَ means 'while', introducing a mini-sentence that describes the state things were in during the main action. The mark that identifies it here: a complete statement beginning with a pronoun — أَنتُمْ تَنظُرُونَ 'you were looking' — follows the وَ. L14 · R3

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I/you/he/they'. أَنتُمْ is the standalone word for 'you all' — one of the twelve detached forms. L3 · R2

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a statement opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic's form usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. أَنتُمْ 'you all' opens this while-statement as its topic; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L6 · R2

Circumstantial (Hāl) · الحالThe ḥāl describes the state someone was in while the action happened. Here it takes the shape of a whole mini-sentence introduced by the 'while'-وَ: the thunderbolt struck 'while you were looking on'. L21 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. تَنظُرُ names an action — looking — from the root نظر, to look upon, to see, to wait. L1 · R7

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, and it can be a complete verbal sentence. The topic was أَنتُمْ 'you all'; the verb-sentence تَنظُرُونَ 'were looking' is what is said about them — the inner sentence itself carries the information, with no separate 'is' needed. L6 · R4

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. تَنظُرُونَ opens with the prefix تَ — the letter for 'you' — always standing before the root letters: the looking pictured as it unfolded. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself shows the mood: kept in the normal mood, dropped after trimming words. تَنظُرُونَ is the 'you all do' shape with its نَ kept. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending ونَ on تَنظُرُونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The و in the ending ونَ names the doers of the looking, 'you all'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4