Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. قَالَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'said', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed. Its plain base shape — the shape Arabic uses for a single 'he' — carries no who-ending glued to its tail, and قَالَ is exactly that bare base: 'said', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L8 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of قَالَ is قول: to say, speak, tell — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea — and in Arabic this includes proper names. مُوسَىٰ is a proper name: 'Musa'. L1 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject of its sentence, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. مُوسَىٰ ends in the bent letter ىٰ, which carries no vowel mark, so nothing shows on the page — the nominative is the role the name fills here. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action in a verb-first sentence, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ above the last letter. Musa is the one who did the saying; his name's bent ending ىٰ shows no mark, so the nominative here is the role, not a visible sign. L9 · R2

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix لِ at the front of لِقَوْمِهِۦ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'to/for' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. قَوْمِ names such a thing: 'to his people', from the root قوم: to stand, establish; people, nation; straightness, uprightness. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. لِقَوْمِهِۦ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. قَوْمِ stands right after such a little word and carries exactly that kasrah ـِ on its own final letter — tucked inside لِقَوْمِهِۦ, just before the small piece fastened to the word's end. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هِۦ on لِقَوْمِهِۦ is such a suffix, standing for 'his': HIS people. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending هِۦ fills that owner slot: 'the people OF him'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Vocative Particle · حرف نداءA vocative particle is a calling word placed before a naming word to address someone directly. The prefix يَٰ is that 'O!' of calling: 'O my people!' L4 · R8

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. قَوْم names such a thing: 'O my people!', from the root قوم: to stand, establish; people, nation; straightness, uprightness. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. يَـٰقَوْمِ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is a role usually shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. The called noun here fills that accusative role, but what is actually written on يَٰقَوْمِ is a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the م — which is the worn-down trace of 'my'; the accusative is the role, not a mark on show. L2 · R11

Vocative · المُنَادَىThe vocative is the person or thing being called after يَا 'O!'. قَوْمِ 'my people' is the one Musa calls out to, turning every ear to what follows. L21 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. Here the 'my' has worn down to its smallest trace: the kasrah ـِ — the small stroke below the final م of يَٰقَوْمِ — standing in for the fuller ending ـِي 'my'. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The shortened 'my' fills that owner slot: 'the people OF mine' — my people. L5 · R5

Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعلإِنَّ 'indeed' — one of the family of particles that sit at the front of a topic-plus-comment sentence, each carrying the doubling shaddah ـّ, seen here on its نَّ — adds weight to the statement: this wronging truly happened. L15 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending كُمْ on إِنَّكُمْ stands for 'you all' — the topic إِنَّ presses on; this particle family pushes its topic into the accusative, the form usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the letter, but a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so the accusative is the role it fills. L3 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. ظَلَمْ speaks of an action already carried out: '[you] have wronged', from the root ظلم: to do wrong or evil, to wrong, to treat unjustly, ill-treat, oppress, harm, suppress, tyrannise. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On ظَلَمْتُمْ that ending is تُمْ, telling exactly who is meant: '[you] have wronged', from the root ظلم: to do wrong or evil, to wrong, to treat unjustly, ill-treat, oppress, harm, suppress, tyrannise. L8 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. تُمْ · 'you all/your' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — ظَلَمْتُمْ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending تُمْ is that doer, 'you all'; an attached pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. أَنفُسَ names such a thing: 'yourselves', from the root نفس: soul, self, person; one's own self. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. أَنفُسَ is a plural built by reshaping its word from the inside rather than by adding an ending, and it wears no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — yet Arabic treats it as feminine: 'yourselves'. L2 · R2

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more, made either by adding an ending or by reshaping the word from the inside — a 'broken' plural. أَنفُسَ is such a reshaped plural of نَفْس 'soul': many selves, with no added plural ending. L2 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. أَنفُسَ ends in that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ above the س. Your own selves are what the wronging fell upon. L9 · R3

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending كُم on أَنفُسَكُم is such a suffix, standing for 'your': YOUR selves. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending كُم fills that owner slot: 'the selves OF you'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِٱتِّخَاذِكُمُ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. ٱتِّخَاذِ names such a thing: 'by your taking', from the root اخذ: to take, seize, grasp; to punish, hold accountable. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. بِٱتِّخَاذِكُمُ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. ٱتِّخَاذِ stands right after such a little word and carries exactly that kasrah ـِ on its own final letter — tucked inside بِٱتِّخَاذِكُمُ, just before the small piece fastened to the word's end. L2 · R12

Verbal Noun (Masdar) · المصدرA verbal noun (masdar) names the action itself as a thing — from 'took' you get 'taking'. Each verb family stamps its masdar in a fixed mold, and the family that tucks a ت after the first root letter molds it as اِفْتِعَال: ٱتِّخَاذ 'the taking' is exactly that mold, the deed itself held up as the cause of the wrong. L22 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending كُمُ on بِٱتِّخَاذِكُمُ is such a suffix, standing for 'your': YOUR taking. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending كُمُ fills that owner slot: 'the taking OF you' — it was your own deed; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): ٱلْعِجْلَ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. عِجْلَ names such a thing: 'the calf', from the root عجل: to hasten, make haste; calf (idol). L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. ٱلْعِجْلَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. عِجْلَ ends in that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ above its last letter. The calf is what the taking named in ٱتِّخَاذِ fell upon. L9 · R3

Causal Particle · فاء السببيةThe causal فَ ties an action to the reason behind it — 'so'. Because you wronged yourselves, therefore: repent. L14 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. تُوبُ is a command: 'So turn in repentance', from the root توب: to repent, accept repentance. L1 · R7

Imperative Verb · فعل أمرAn imperative verb is a direct command addressed to 'you', formed from the present-tense verb by removing its opening prefix. تُوبُوٓا۟ is that command shape aimed at a group — its ending وٓا۟ points the order at 'you all': repent! L10 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters. The root of تُوبُ is توب: its middle letter is the weak letter و, standing here in plain view as the long و of تُوبُوٓا۟. L24 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. وٓا۟ · 'you all/your' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — فَتُوبُوٓا۟ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وٓا۟ is that doer, 'you all' — the ones who must do the repenting; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. إِلَىٰ · 'to/toward' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. إِلَىٰ · 'to/toward' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. بَارِئِ names such a thing: 'your Creator', from the root برا: to be free from, innocent; create; disassociate. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. بَارِئِكُمْ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. بَارِئِ stands right after such a little word and carries exactly that kasrah ـِ on its own final letter — tucked inside بَارِئِكُمْ, just before the small piece fastened to the word's end. L2 · R12

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root on the pattern فَاعِل to name the doer of the action. بَارِئ follows that pattern — first letter, long ā, then a kasrah ـِ -carrying letter — naming the One who DOES the creating: your Creator. L11 · R1

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending كُمْ on بَارِئِكُمْ is such a suffix, standing for 'your': YOUR Creator. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending كُمْ fills that owner slot: 'the Creator OF you'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix فَ at the front of فَٱقْتُلُوٓا۟ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and then' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. ٱقْتُلُ is a command: 'and kill', from the root قتل: to kill, slay, fight. L1 · R7

Imperative Verb · فعل أمرAn imperative verb is a direct command addressed to 'you', formed from the present-tense verb by removing its opening prefix and adding a helping ٱ when what remains starts with a vowelless letter. ٱقْتُلُوٓا۟ shows that helping ٱ at its front, commanding a group — the ending وٓا۟ points the order at 'you all'. L10 · R1

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. وٓا۟ · 'you all/your' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — فَٱقْتُلُوٓا۟ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وٓا۟ is that doer, 'you all'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. أَنفُسَ names such a thing: 'yourselves', from the root نفس: soul, self, person; one's own self. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. أَنفُسَ is a plural built by reshaping its word from the inside rather than by adding an ending, and it wears no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — yet Arabic treats it as feminine: 'yourselves'. L2 · R2

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more, made either by adding an ending or by reshaping the word from the inside — a 'broken' plural. أَنفُسَ is such a reshaped plural of نَفْس 'soul': many selves, with no added plural ending. L2 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. أَنفُسَ ends in that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ above the س. Your own selves are what the commanded killing was to fall upon. L9 · R3

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending كُمْ on أَنفُسَكُمْ is such a suffix, standing for 'your': YOUR selves. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending كُمْ fills that owner slot: 'the selves OF you'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Demonstrative Pronoun · اسم إشارةA demonstrative pronoun is a pointing word that singles out a specific thing, near or far. ذَٰلِكُمْ points from afar to 'that' — the repenting and the killing just commanded — with an ending shaped for addressing 'you all'; pointing words keep one fixed shape whatever their role. L3 · R8

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a statement opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic's form usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. A pointing word can serve as this topic, and ذَٰلِكُمْ 'that' opens the statement 'that is best for you'; its written shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L6 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. خَيْرٌ names such a thing: '(is) better', from the root خير: good, better, best, goodness. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. خَيْرٌۭ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Singular Noun · مفردA singular noun refers to exactly one and shows its ending with a single short vowel mark, doubled to tanwīn when the word is indefinite. خَيْرٌ names one thing — the good — its doubled ḍammah ـٌ carrying the ending. L2 · R4

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is a naming word left general — not pinned to one known thing by the definite article ال ('the') — and it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. خَيْرٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ — the ḍammah ـُ doubled: '(is) better'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or its telling part in a sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter — doubled to tanwīn ـٌ when the word is indefinite. خَيْرٌ ends in that doubled ḍammah ـٌ. L2 · R10

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic; it stands in the nominative — shown here by the doubled ḍammah ـٌ on خَيْرٌ — and is typically a single indefinite word. The topic was ذَٰلِكُمْ 'that'; خَيْرٌ 'better' is what is said about it, with the 'is' simply understood. L6 · R3

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix لَّ at the front of لَّكُمْ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'to/for' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a stand-in word for 'you/he/they'. كُمْ here stands for 'you all'; though the label reads it as a standalone word, it is written joined onto the little word لَّ and works like the glued-on 'you' endings, governed by that لَّ: 'for you'. L3 · R7

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. عِندَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ, the fixed ending this where-word always wears. L2 · R11

Place Adverb · ظرف مكانA place adverb is a naming word, frozen with a fathah ـَ ending, that tells where something stands — عِندَ means 'with/at': better for you 'with' — in the sight of — your Creator. L26 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. بَارِئِ names such a thing: 'your Creator', from the root برا: to be free from, innocent; create; disassociate. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. بَارِئِكُمْ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, marked by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke written below the letter. عِندَ and بَارِئِكُمْ form such a pair, 'with your Creator', and as the owner-word of that pair, بَارِئِ carries exactly that kasrah ـِ on its own final letter — just before the small piece fastened to the word's end. L2 · R12

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهArabic says 'of' by chaining two nouns — two naming words — directly together: عِندَ بَارِئِكُمْ reads 'with — your Creator'. The second word of such a chain, the owner, always takes the genitive — the after-'of' ending, shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter — and بَارِئِ carries exactly that kasrah ـِ on its own final letter, just before the small piece fastened to the word's end. L5 · R5

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root on the pattern فَاعِل to name the doer of the action. بَارِئ follows that pattern — first letter, long ā, then a kasrah ـِ -carrying letter — naming the One who DOES the creating: your Creator. L11 · R1

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending كُمْ on بَارِئِكُمْ is such a suffix, standing for 'your': YOUR Creator. L3 · R6

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix فَ · 'then' at the front of فَتَابَ opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. تَابَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'Then He turned', from the root توب: to repent, accept repentance. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed. Its plain base shape — the shape Arabic uses for a single 'he' — carries no who-ending glued to its tail, and تَابَ is exactly that bare base: 'Then He turned', from the root توب: to repent, accept repentance. L8 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of تَابَ is توب: to repent, accept repentance — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. عَلَيْ · 'on/upon' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. عَلَيْ · 'on/upon' is one of these relation-words — it is عَلَىٰ 'on' in the shape it takes when a suffix is fastened to its end. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'me / us / them' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. كُمْ · 'you all/your' hangs on the little relation-word in عَلَيْكُمْ, governed by the word it is fastened to. L3 · R6

Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعلإِنَّ 'indeed' — one of the family of particles that sit at the front of a topic-plus-comment sentence, each carrying the doubling shaddah ـّ, seen here on its نَّ — adds weight to the closing statement about who He is. L15 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هُۥ on إِنَّهُۥ stands for 'He' — the topic إِنَّ presses on; this particle family pushes its topic into the accusative, the form usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the letter, but a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so the accusative is the role it fills. L3 · R6

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I/you/he/they'. هُوَ is the standalone word for 'He' — one of the twelve detached forms. L3 · R2

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a statement opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic's form usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. هُوَ 'He' opens the inner statement 'He (is) the Ever-Returning'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L6 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, ت, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: ٱلتَّوَّابُ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. تَّوَّابُ names such a thing: '(is) the-returning', from the root توب: to repent, accept repentance. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. ٱلتَّوَّابُ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Singular Noun · مفردA singular noun refers to exactly one and shows its ending with a single short vowel mark. ٱلتَّوَّابُ names One, its single ḍammah ـُ carrying the ending. L2 · R4

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or its telling part in a sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. تَّوَّابُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ. L2 · R10

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, and it stands in the nominative — shown here by the ḍammah ـُ on ٱلتَّوَّابُ. The topic was هُوَ 'He'; 'the Accepting of Repentance' is what is said about Him, the 'is' simply understood. L6 · R3

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root to name the doer of the action. تَوَّاب, built from the root توب — to repent, accept repentance — names the One who does the accepting of repentance. L11 · R1

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, ر, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: ٱلرَّحِيمُ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. رَّحِيمُ names such a thing: 'the Most Merciful', from the root رحم: to have mercy on, have compassion upon, pity. L1 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or its telling part in a sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. رَّحِيمُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ, the same ending as ٱلتَّوَّابُ before it. L2 · R10

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that comes after its naming word and copies its gender, number, ending, and 'the'-ness. ٱلرَّحِيمُ 'the Most Merciful' follows ٱلتَّوَّابُ and matches it in all four: both 'he'-words, both singular, both with ال, both ending in the ḍammah ـُ. L7 · R1