Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِّنۢ is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'from' is one of the common prepositions, here opening the time phrase 'after that'. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA word whose final vowel mark changes with its job in the sentence is a noun, a naming word. بَعْدِ names a time relation — 'after' — from the root بعد: after, distance, remoteness. L1 · R5

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. بَعْدِ carries that kasrah ـِ because مِّنۢ stands before it. L2 · R12

Demonstrative Pronoun · اسم إشارةA demonstrative pronoun is a pointing word that singles out a specific thing, near or far. ذَٰلِكَ points from afar to 'that' — the taking of the calf; pointing words keep one fixed shape whatever their role. L3 · R8

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. ذَٰلِكَ fills that owner slot after بَعْدِ: 'after OF-that'; a pointing word keeps one fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears — the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعللَعَلَّ — one of the family of particles that sit before a topic-plus-comment sentence, each carrying the doubling shaddah ـّ, seen here on its لَّ — expresses hope or expectation, 'perhaps / so that'; in Allah's speech it typically reveals the purpose behind His act: the pardon was given SO THAT you might be grateful. L15 · R8

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending كُمْ on لَعَلَّكُمْ stands for 'you all' — the ones the hope is spoken over; this particle family pushes its topic into the accusative, the form usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the letter, but a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so the accusative is the role it fills. L3 · R7

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. تَشْكُرُ names an action — giving thanks — from the root شكر: gave thanks, became grateful. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. تَشْكُرُونَ opens with the prefix تَ — the letter for 'you' — always standing before the root letters: a thankfulness hoped for, ongoing. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself shows the mood: kept in the normal mood, dropped after trimming words. تَشْكُرُونَ is the 'you all do' shape with its نَ kept. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending ونَ on تَشْكُرُونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The و in the ending ونَ names the doers of the hoped-for thanking, 'you all'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4