Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. وَٰعَدْ names an action — appointing, setting a promised time — from the root وعد, to promise, make a promise, appoint a time. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending نَا — the 'We' marker — sits on وَٰعَدْنَا: 'We appointed', already done. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and those weak letters love to change shape or vanish. The root of وَٰعَدْ is وعد: its first letter is the weak letter و — here it stands written at the very front of the word. L24 · R2

Form III Verb · فَاعَلَA Form III verb adds an alif after the first root letter, often meaning doing the action with or toward someone. In وَٰعَدْ that alif appears as the small upright stroke ٰ above the و: an appointment made WITH Musa. L12 · R3

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending نَا on وَٰعَدْنَا is such a suffix, standing for 'We'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending نَا is that doer, 'We'; an attached pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or idea — including proper names. مُوسَىٰٓ is the proper name of the prophet Musa. L1 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. مُوسَىٰٓ ends in the bent letter ىٰ, which carries no vowel mark, so nothing shows on the page — the accusative is the role the name fills here. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ above the last letter. Musa is the one the appointing reached; his name's bent ending ىٰ shows no mark, so the accusative here is the role, not a visible sign. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA word whose ending changes with its job in the sentence is a noun, a naming word. أَرْبَعِينَ names a number — forty — from the root ربع, four, fourth. L1 · R5

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); أَرْبَعِينَ 'forty' wears that ـِينَ ending — a number word for many. L2 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually a fathah ـَ — a small stroke above the letter. Words with the ـُونَ/ـِينَ ending show their case differently: only the subject form ـُونَ looks distinct, and ـِينَ serves for the accusative. The ـِينَ on أَرْبَعِينَ is that accusative form here. L2 · R7

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is what the action lands on, standing in the accusative — shown for this word type by its ـِينَ ending. 'Forty' is what the appointing was set at — the span the promise covered. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA word that ends with the tā marbūtah ة is a noun, a naming word. لَيْلَةً names a night, from the root ليل — night, the time from sunset to dawn. L1 · R3

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she', typically marked by a ة at its end. لَيْلَةً ends in exactly that ة. L2 · R1

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' — no particular one named — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. لَيْلَةً carries the doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. لَيْلَةً carries that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Specification (Tamyīz) · التمييزThe tamyīz is an indefinite accusative naming word added to pin down what a vague statement is about, and it appears after numbers to specify the counted unit. 'Forty' of what? لَيْلَةً answers: nights — written as a single 'night' with the doubled fathah ـً, the shape Arabic uses for the counted unit after such numbers. L21 · R13

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. ثُمَّ is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word that ties statements together; ثُمَّ means 'then', joining with a step in time: first the appointment, THEN — in Musa's absence — the taking of the calf. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. ٱتَّخَذْ names an action — taking — from the root اخذ, to take, seize, grasp. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed, and who did it is shown by an ending added to the verb. The ending تُمُ — the 'you all' marker — sits on ٱتَّخَذْتُمُ: 'you took', already done. L8 · R2

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) as one of its root letters, and the hamza's shifting written forms can disguise the root. The root of ٱتَّخَذْ is اخذ, beginning with a hamza — yet no hamza appears on the page here, leaving only the خ and ذ of the root in plain view. L24 · R11

Form VIII Verb · اِفْتَعَلَA Form VIII verb tucks a ت inside, right after the first root letter, usually giving a do-it-for-oneself sense. In ٱتَّخَذْ the root's first letter — a hamza — has merged into that tucked ت, leaving the doubled تَّ with the shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped doubling mark — as the form's visible trace: they took the calf FOR THEMSELVES, as an object of worship. L13 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending تُمُ on ٱتَّخَذْتُمُ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending تُمُ is that doer, 'you all'; an attached pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ال attached to the front of a naming word to mean 'the' — one specific, known one. ٱلْعِجْلَ wears that prefix: 'the calf' — the specific, known one. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts ال — the prefix meaning 'the' — is a noun, a naming word. عِجْلَ names the calf. L1 · R1

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. عِجْلَ ends in that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ above its last letter. The calf is what the taking fell upon. L9 · R3

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِنۢ is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنْ 'from' is one of the common prepositions, here opening the time phrase 'after him'. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA word whose final vowel mark changes with its job in the sentence is a noun, a naming word. بَعْدِ names a time relation — 'after' — from the root بعد: after, distance, remoteness. L1 · R5

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. بَعْدِ carries that kasrah ـِ because مِنۢ stands before it. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هِۦ on بَعْدِهِۦ is such a suffix, standing for 'him' — Musa, gone to the appointment. L3 · R7

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending هِۦ fills that owner slot: 'after HIM'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Circumstantial Particle · واو الحالThe circumstantial وَ means 'while', introducing a mini-sentence that describes the state things were in during the main action. The mark that identifies it here: a complete statement beginning with a pronoun — أَنتُمْ ظَٰلِمُونَ 'you were wrongdoers' — follows the وَ. L14 · R3

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I/you/he/they'. أَنتُمْ is the standalone word for 'you all' — one of the twelve detached forms. L3 · R2

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a statement opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic's form usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. أَنتُمْ 'you all' opens this while-statement as its topic; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L6 · R2

Circumstantial (Hāl) · الحالThe ḥāl describes the state someone was in while the action happened. Here it takes the shape of a whole mini-sentence introduced by the 'while'-وَ: the calf was taken 'while you were wrongdoers' — that was your state in the act. L21 · R6

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, quality, or idea. ظَٰلِمُونَ names persons by their quality — wrongdoers — from the root ظلم, to do wrong, treat unjustly, oppress. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); ظَٰلِمُونَ wears exactly that ending: wrongdoers, many of them. L2 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or main topic of its sentence, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the letter. For this plural type the nominative shows as the whole ending ـُونَ, opened by that ḍammah ـُ on the م of ظَٰلِمُونَ. L2 · R10

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, and it stands in the nominative — the telling part's form, shown here by the ـُونَ ending. The topic was أَنتُمْ 'you all'; ظَٰلِمُونَ 'wrongdoers' is what is said about them, with the 'were' simply understood. L6 · R3

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root on the pattern فَاعِل to name the doer of the action. ظَٰلِم follows that pattern — ظ, then the long ā, then kasrah ـِ -carrying ل — naming the ones DOING the wrong. L11 · R1