Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. وَٰعَدْ speaks of an action already carried out: 'We appointed', from the root وعد: to promise, make a promise, appoint a time. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On وَٰعَدْنَا that ending is نَا, telling exactly who is meant: 'We appointed', from the root وعد: to promise, make a promise, appoint a time. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of وَٰعَدْ is وعد: to promise, make a promise, appoint a time — and its first letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits at the front of the root. L24 · R3

Form III Verb · فَاعَلَA Form III verb adds an alif after the first root letter, often meaning doing the action with or toward someone. In وَٰعَدْ that alif appears as the small upright stroke ٰ above the و: an appointment made WITH Musa. L12 · R3

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. نَا · 'us/our' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — وَٰعَدْنَا — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending نَا is that doer, 'We'; an attached pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea — and in Arabic this includes proper names. مُوسَىٰٓ is a proper name: '(for) Musa'. L1 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. مُوسَىٰٓ ends in the bent letter ىٰ, which carries no vowel mark, so nothing shows on the page — the accusative is the role the name fills here. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ above the last letter. Musa is the one the appointing reached; his name's bent ending ىٰ shows no mark, so the accusative here is the role, not a visible sign. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. أَرْبَعِينَ is such a naming word: 'forty', from the root ربع: four, fourth. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. Even as a plural, أَرْبَعِينَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is a masculine noun; its ending is the 'sound' plural ending Arabic reserves for masculine nouns. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more of something. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); أَرْبَعِينَ closes with exactly such an ending: not one, but a whole group. L2 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually a fathah ـَ — a small stroke above the letter. Words with the ـُونَ/ـِينَ ending show their case differently: only the subject form ـُونَ looks distinct, and ـِينَ serves for the accusative. The ـِينَ on أَرْبَعِينَ is that accusative form here. L2 · R7

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is what the action lands on, standing in the accusative — shown for this word type by its ـِينَ ending. 'Forty' is what the appointing was set at — the span the promise covered. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA word that ends with the tā marbūtah ة is a noun, a naming word. لَيْلَةً names a night, from the root ليل — night, the time from sunset to dawn. L1 · R3

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she', most often marked by a ة — the round 'tied tā' — at its end. لَيْلَةً carries exactly that round ة at its end, so it is treated as feminine: 'nights'. L2 · R1

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. لَيْلَةً carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'nights'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is an ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. لَيْلَةً carries that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Specification (Tamyīz) · التمييزThe tamyīz is an indefinite accusative naming word added to pin down what a vague statement is about, and it appears after numbers to specify the counted unit. 'Forty' of what? لَيْلَةً answers: nights — written as a single 'night' with the doubled fathah ـً, the shape Arabic uses for the counted unit after such numbers. L21 · R13

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. ثُمَّ · 'then' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word that ties statements together; ثُمَّ means 'then', joining with a step in time: first the appointment, THEN — in Musa's absence — the taking of the calf. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. ٱتَّخَذْ speaks of an action already carried out: 'you took', from the root اخذ: to take, seize, grasp; to punish, hold accountable. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On ٱتَّخَذْتُمُ that ending is تُمُ, telling exactly who is meant: 'you took', from the root اخذ: to take, seize, grasp; to punish, hold accountable. L8 · R2

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) as one of its root letters, and the hamza's shifting written forms can disguise the root. The root of ٱتَّخَذْ is اخذ, beginning with a hamza — yet no hamza appears on the page here, leaving only the خ and ذ of the root in plain view. L24 · R11

Form VIII Verb · اِفْتَعَلَA Form VIII verb tucks a ت inside, right after the first root letter, usually giving a do-it-for-oneself sense. In ٱتَّخَذْ the root's first letter — a hamza — has merged into that tucked ت, leaving the doubled تَّ with the shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped doubling mark — as the form's visible trace: they took the calf FOR THEMSELVES, as an object of worship. L13 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. تُمُ · 'you all/your' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — ٱتَّخَذْتُمُ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending تُمُ is that doer, 'you all'; an attached pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): ٱلْعِجْلَ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. عِجْلَ names such a thing: 'the calf', from the root عجل: to hasten, make haste; calf (idol). L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. ٱلْعِجْلَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. عِجْلَ ends in that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ above its last letter. The calf is what the taking fell upon. L9 · R3

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مِنۢ · 'from/of' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. مِنۢ · 'from/of' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. بَعْدِ names such a thing: 'after him', from the root بعد: after, distance, remoteness. L1 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. بَعْدِ stands right after such a little word and carries exactly that kasrah ـِ on its own final letter — tucked inside بَعْدِهِۦ, just before the small piece fastened to the word's end. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word. The ending هِۦ on بَعْدِهِۦ is such a suffix, standing for 'him' — Musa, gone to the appointment. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The ending هِۦ fills that owner slot: 'after HIM'; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the genitive is the role it fills. L5 · R5

Circumstantial Particle · واو الحالThe circumstantial وَ means 'while', introducing a mini-sentence that describes the state things were in during the main action. The mark that identifies it here: a complete statement beginning with a pronoun — أَنتُمْ ظَٰلِمُونَ 'you were wrongdoers' — follows the وَ. L14 · R3

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I/you/he/they'. أَنتُمْ is the standalone word for 'you all' — one of the twelve detached forms. L3 · R2

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a statement opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic's form usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. أَنتُمْ 'you all' opens this while-statement as its topic; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L6 · R2

Circumstantial (Hāl) · الحالThe ḥāl describes the state someone was in while the action happened. Here it takes the shape of a whole mini-sentence introduced by the 'while'-وَ: the calf was taken 'while you were wrongdoers' — that was your state in the act. L21 · R6

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. ظَٰلِمُونَ is such a naming word: '(were) wrongdoers', from the root ظلم: to do wrong or evil, to wrong, to treat unjustly, ill-treat, oppress, harm, suppress, tyrannise. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. Even as a plural, ظَـٰلِمُونَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is a masculine noun; its ending is the 'sound' plural ending Arabic reserves for masculine nouns. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more of something. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); ظَـٰلِمُونَ closes with exactly such an ending: not one, but a whole group. L2 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or main topic of its sentence, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the letter. For this plural type the nominative shows as the whole ending ـُونَ, opened by that ḍammah ـُ on the م of ظَٰلِمُونَ. L2 · R6

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, and it stands in the nominative — the telling part's form, shown here by the ـُونَ ending. The topic was أَنتُمْ 'you all'; ظَٰلِمُونَ 'wrongdoers' is what is said about them, with the 'were' simply understood. L6 · R3

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root on the pattern فَاعِل to name the doer of the action. ظَٰلِم follows that pattern — ظ, then the long ā, then kasrah ـِ -carrying ل — naming the ones DOING the wrong. L11 · R1