Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. فَرَقْ speaks of an action already carried out: 'We parted', from the root فرق: to separate, divide, distinguish; criterion, group. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On فَرَقْنَا that ending is نَا, telling exactly who is meant: 'We parted', from the root فرق: to separate, divide, distinguish; criterion, group. L8 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. نَا · 'us/our' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — فَرَقْنَا — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending نَا on فَرَقْنَا is that doer, 'We'; an attached pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِكُمُ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a stand-in word for 'you/he/they'. كُمُ here stands for 'you all'; though the label reads it as a standalone word, it is written joined onto the little word بِ and works like the glued-on 'you' endings, governed by that بِ: 'for you'. L3 · R7

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): ٱلْبَحْرَ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. بَحْرَ names such a thing: 'the sea', from the root بحر: sea. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. ٱلْبَحْرَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. بَحْرَ ends in that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ above its last letter. The sea is what the parting fell upon. L9 · R3

Causal Particle · فاء السببيةThe causal فَ ties an action to what brought it about — 'so, and thereby'. Because the sea was parted, the saving followed through it: 'and thereby We saved you'. L14 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. أَنجَيْ speaks of an action already carried out: 'then We saved you', from the root نجو: to save, deliver, rescue; secret/private conversation. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On فَأَنجَيْنَـٰكُمْ that ending is نَٰ, telling exactly who is meant: 'then We saved you', from the root نجو: to save, deliver, rescue; secret/private conversation. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of أَنجَيْ is نجو: to save, deliver, rescue; secret/private conversation — and its last letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits at the very end of the root. L24 · R7

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters — the way سَلِمَ 'was safe' becomes أَسْلَمَ 'submitted' — often giving the sense of making or causing the action. أَنجَيْ carries that added hamza at its front: 'then We saved you', from the root نجو: to save, deliver, rescue; secret/private conversation. L12 · R5

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. نَٰ · 'us/our' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — فَأَنجَيْنَـٰكُمْ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending نَٰ is that doer, 'We'; an attached pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the letter. The ending كُمْ 'you all' is whom the saving reached; a pronoun's written shape is fixed, so no fathah appears — the accusative is the role it fills. L9 · R5

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَأَغْرَقْنَآ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. أَغْرَقْ speaks of an action already carried out: 'and We drowned', from the root غرق: to sink, drown. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On وَأَغْرَقْنَآ that ending is نَآ, telling exactly who is meant: 'and We drowned', from the root غرق: to sink, drown. L8 · R2

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters — the way سَلِمَ 'was safe' becomes أَسْلَمَ 'submitted' — often giving the sense of making or causing the action. أَغْرَقْ carries that added hamza at its front: 'and We drowned', from the root غرق: to sink, drown. L12 · R5

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. نَآ · 'us/our' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — وَأَغْرَقْنَآ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending نَآ is that doer, 'We'; an attached pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. ءَالَ names such a thing: '(the) people', from the root اول: to interpret, first, people of understanding. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. ءَالَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter. ءَالَ ends in that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the fathah ـَ above its last letter. The people of Pharaoh are whom the drowning fell upon. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea — and in Arabic this includes proper names. فِرْعَوْنَ is a proper name: '(of) Firaun'. L1 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the owner-or-after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. فِرْعَوْنَ is a non-Arabic proper name, one of the partially flexible nouns that never take tanwīn and show their genitive with a fathah ـَ — a small stroke above the letter — instead of the kasrah; that fathah is what is written on its end here. L2 · R14

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the owner comes second, taking the genitive — the owner's ending, usually a kasrah ـِ below the last letter. فِرْعَوْنَ is that second, owner word: 'the people OF Pharaoh' — on this foreign name the genitive shows itself as a fathah ـَ rather than the usual kasrah. L5 · R5

Circumstantial Particle · واو الحالThe circumstantial وَ means 'while', introducing a mini-sentence that describes the state things were in during the main action. The mark that identifies it here: a complete statement beginning with a pronoun — أَنتُمْ تَنظُرُونَ 'you were looking' — follows the وَ. L14 · R3

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I/you/he/they'. أَنتُمْ is the standalone word for 'you all' — one of the twelve detached forms. L3 · R2

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a statement opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic's form usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. أَنتُمْ 'you all' opens this while-statement as its topic; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L6 · R2

Circumstantial (Hāl) · الحالThe ḥāl describes the state someone was in while the action happened. Here it takes the shape of a whole mini-sentence introduced by the 'while'-وَ: the drowning happened 'while you were looking on' — eyewitnesses to the deliverance and the destruction. L21 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. تَنظُرُ is an action unfolding now: '(were) looking', from the root نظر: to look upon, to see, to wait. L1 · R7

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, and it can be a complete verbal sentence. The topic was أَنتُمْ 'you all'; the verb-sentence تَنظُرُونَ 'were looking' is what is said about them — the inner sentence itself carries the information, with no separate 'is' needed. L6 · R4

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. تَنظُرُ opens with exactly such a letter: '(were) looking', from the root نظر: to look upon, to see, to wait. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. تَنظُرُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'you all/your' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — تَنظُرُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, standing in the nominative — the doer's form, usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The و in the ending ونَ names the doers of the looking, 'you all'; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears — the nominative is the role it fills. L9 · R4