Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. عَلَىٰ · 'on/upon' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. عَلَىٰ · 'on/upon' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. هُدًى names an idea — 'guidance', being shown the right path — from the root هدي, to guide and show the way. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. هُدًى carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. هُدًى carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'Guidance'. L2 · R8

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition. Because هُدًى stands right after the preposition عَلَىٰ 'upon', it is in the genitive; on this word ending in a weak letter the mark leans in and is written as the tanwīn ـً: عَلَىٰ هُدًى, 'upon guidance'. L2 · R12

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مِّن · 'from/of' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. مِّن · 'from/of' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. رَّبِّ names such a thing: 'their Lord', from the root ربب: Lord, Sustainer, Nourisher, Regulator, Perfector. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. رَّبِّهِمْ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. رَّبِّ stands right after such a little word and carries exactly that kasrah ـِ on its own final letter — tucked inside رَّبِّهِمْ, just before the small piece fastened to the word's end. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'their' glued onto the end of another word. The ending هِمْ on رَّبِّهِمْ is such a suffix, meaning 'their', so the word reads 'their Lord'. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive chain joins two words into an 'of' phrase, and the second, the owner, takes the genitive. Here the attached هِمْ 'their' fills that owner slot on رَّبِّ 'Lord' — literally 'the Lord of them', that is, 'their Lord'. L5 · R5

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَأُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Demonstrative Pronoun · اسم إشارةA pointing word singles out a specific group. أُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ is the plural pointing word 'those', again gathering up the same believers and pointing at them. L3 · R8

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the noun a sentence opens by talking about — its topic — and it stands in the nominative, the 'topic form' usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl written above the final letter. أُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ 'those' opens this second statement as its topic — a pointing word keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one; what follows ('are the successful') tells us about them. L6 · R2

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'they', 'you', 'I', and the like. هُمُ is the standalone word 'they', placed between the topic 'those' and what is said about them. L3 · R2

Emphasis · توكيدEmphasis follows the word it strengthens and reinforces it, matching it in number, adding no new quality but pressing the point home. هُمُ 'they' stands after 'those' to reinforce the statement about them: those — they — are the successful. L7 · R5

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): ٱلْمُفْلِحُونَ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. مُفْلِحُونَ is such a naming word: '(are) the successful ones', from the root فلح: to prosper, be successful, succeed, be blissful. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. Even as a plural, ٱلْمُفْلِحُونَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is a masculine noun; its ending is the 'sound' plural ending Arabic reserves for masculine nouns. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more of something. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); ٱلْمُفْلِحُونَ closes with exactly such an ending: not one, but a whole group. L2 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes when it completes what is said about the topic; for this kind of plural that ending is ـُونَ. مُفْلِحُونَ carries that ـُونَ ending, marking it as what is said about 'those' — that they are the successful. L2 · R6

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, in the nominative ending. The topic was 'those'; ٱلْمُفْلِحُونَ is what is told about them — 'those … are the successful' — completing the statement. L6 · R3

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root to name the one who does the action. Built from the root فلح (to prosper, succeed), مُفْلِحُونَ names the doers — the ones who attain success. L11 · R3