Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word like 'who' or 'which' that hooks a whole describing sentence onto whoever or whatever it points to. ٱلَّذِينَ · 'those who' is the masculine plural form — 'those who' — used when it points to a group of people. Its shape is fixed: this word never changes its ending to show its job in the sentence. L5 · R13

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. كَفَرُ speaks of an action already carried out: 'disbelieve[d]', from the root كفر: to disbelieve, reject faith; disbelief, ingratitude. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On كَفَرُوا۟ that ending is وا۟, telling exactly who is meant: 'disbelieve[d]', from the root كفر: to disbelieve, reject faith; disbelief, ingratitude. L8 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. وا۟ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — كَفَرُوا۟ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the 'subject form', usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl written above the final letter. The وا۟ ending on كَفَرُوا۟ is that doer, 'they' — the ones who disbelieved; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. سَوَآء names an idea — being equal, all the same — from the root سوي, to make equal and even. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. سَوَآء carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is a naming word left general — not pinned to one known thing by the definite article ال ('the') — and it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. سَوَآءٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ — the ḍammah ـُ doubled: '(it) is same'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes when it is the topic or completes what is said about a topic, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the final letter — whose indefinite form is the tanwīn ḍammah ـٌ. سَوَآءٌ ends in that ـٌ; it is the comment made about the balanced pair that follows, 'whether you warn them or do not warn them', standing nominative in its own right: 'it is all the same'. L2 · R10

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate tells you something about a topic, and it takes the nominative ending — usually a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the final letter, here doubled to the tanwīn ـٌ. The topic سَوَآءٌ speaks about is the balanced pair coming right after it, 'whether you warn them or do not warn them': that whole pair is what 'it is all the same' is said about, with the comment placed first. L6 · R3

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. عَلَيْ · 'on/upon' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. عَلَيْ · 'on/upon' is one of these relation-words — it is عَلَىٰ 'on' in the shape it takes when a suffix is fastened to its end. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'me / us / them' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. هِمْ · 'them/their' hangs on the little relation-word in عَلَيْهِمْ, governed by the word it is fastened to. L3 · R6

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is what a sentence talks about — its topic — and it stands in the nominative, the 'topic form' usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl written above the final letter. The prefix ءَ opens an equalized pair, 'whether you warn them or do not warn them', and this whole pair stands as the topic that the comment 'it is all the same' is made about; a whole pair like this shows no ending of its own, but the slot it fills is the nominative topic's. L6 · R2

Interrogative Particle · حرف استفهامAn interrogative particle is the prefix ءَ (a hamza) that in form turns a statement into a question, like English 'Does…?'. Here the ءَ opens the first half of a balanced pair — 'whether you warn them' — paired with 'or do not warn them' to say the two are equal. L17 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. أَنذَرْ speaks of an action already carried out: 'whether you warn them', from the root نذر: to warn; a warner, warning. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb shows who did the action by an ending on the base. أَنذَرْ is that base, and with تَ 'you' added it means 'you warned' — here in the sense 'you warn them'. L8 · R2

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is built by adding a hamzah to the front of the root — أَنذَرَ, 'warned', from نذر. أَنذَرْ carries that front hamzah (the أَ), the mark of this causing form. L12 · R5

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. تَ · 'you/your' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — ءَأَنذَرْتَهُمْ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the 'subject form', usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl written above the final letter. The suffix تَ 'you' is that doer — the one who does the warning: 'you warn'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R8

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, so it stands in the accusative — the 'landed-on form', usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the final letter. The suffix هُمْ 'them' is that object — the ones warned: 'you warn them'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no fathah appears, but the role it fills is the accusative one. L9 · R9

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. أَمْ · 'or (rather)' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a particle that joins two things. أَمْ means 'or', linking the two halves of the balanced pair — 'whether you warn them or do not warn them'. L4 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. لَمْ · 'did not' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle is a word meaning 'not'. لَمْ means 'did not': it negates an action while using the present-tense verb form after it, and it trims that verb down to the jussive ending (a sukūn ـْ) — here giving 'do not warn'. L4 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. تُنذِرْ is an action unfolding now: 'you warn them', from the root نذر: to warn; a warner, warning. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb is the verb shape that opens with one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت; small helper words before it can bend its time and mood. تُنذِرْ wears that present-tense shape, opening with exactly such a letter: 'you warn them', from the root نذر: to warn; a warner, warning. L8 · R3

Jussive Mood · الفعل المجزومThe jussive is a present-tense verb whose ending is cut down to a sukūn ـْ because a particle like لَمْ stands before it. تُنذِرْ ends in that sukūn ـْ on its last letter, exactly because لَمْ 'did not' precedes it. L10 · R6

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters; in the present tense this form announces itself instead by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the letter — sitting on the verb's opening prefix letter. تُنذِرْ carries exactly that ḍammah ـُ on its opening letter: 'you warn them', from the root نذر: to warn; a warner, warning. L12 · R7

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'me / us / them' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. هُمْ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — تُنذِرْهُمْ — naming the one the action lands on. L3 · R6

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, so it stands in the accusative — the 'landed-on form', usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the final letter. The suffix هُمْ 'them' is that object here — 'you warn them'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no fathah appears, but the role it fills is the accusative one. L9 · R9

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. لَا · 'not/no' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle is a word meaning 'not'. لَا negates the present-tense verb after it, giving the plain statement 'they will not believe'. L4 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يُؤْمِنُ is an action unfolding now: 'they believe', from the root امن: to believe, faith, security, trust. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يُؤْمِنُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'they believe', from the root امن: to believe, faith, security, trust. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. يُؤْمِنُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) as one of its root letters, shifting its written seat (أ/ؤ/ئ). From the root امن, the hamza surfaces here as the ؤ in يُؤْمِنُونَ. L24 · R11

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters; in the present tense this form announces itself instead by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the letter — sitting on the verb's opening prefix letter. يُؤْمِنُ carries exactly that ḍammah ـُ on its opening letter: 'they believe', from the root امن: to believe, faith, security, trust. L12 · R7

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — يُؤْمِنُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the 'subject form', usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl written above the final letter. The ونَ ending on يُؤْمِنُونَ is that doer, 'they' — the ones who will not believe; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4