Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مِن · 'from/of' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. مِن · 'from/of' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. رَّبِّ names such a thing: 'his Lord', from the root ربب: Lord, Sustainer, Nourisher, Regulator, Perfector. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. رَّبِّهِۦ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. رَّبِّ stands right after such a little word and carries exactly that kasrah ـِ on its own final letter — tucked inside رَّبِّهِۦ, just before the small piece fastened to the word's end. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'his' glued onto the end of another word. The ending هِۦ on رَّبِّهِۦ stands for 'him' — Adam: 'HIS Lord'. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains an owner onto the thing owned, and the owner carries the genitive — the owner's ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending هِۦ 'him' is that owner glued onto رَّبِّ: 'the Lord of him'. A pronoun keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its owner slot carries. L5 · R5

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel marks ـٌ ـً ـٍ — is a noun, a naming word. كَلِمَٰتٍ ends in the doubled kasrah ـٍ and names words, from the root كلم — words, speech, to speak. L1 · R2

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. كَلِمَٰتٍ closes with the sound feminine plural ending ـَات — the ending Arabic adds to name three or more of something feminine — and that plural ending marks the word as feminine: 'words'. L2 · R6

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. The sound feminine plural — the plural of a feminine naming word — adds the ending ـَات, and كَلِمَٰتٍ carries that ending: not one word but several. L2 · R6

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. كَلِمَٰتٍ carries the tanwīn ـٍ — the kasrah ـِ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'words'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter — but the sound feminine plural shows it instead with the ending ـَاتٍ. كَلِمَٰتٍ is what the receiving landed on, and it wears that plural's accusative dress: the doubled kasrah ـٍ. L2 · R7

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, which on this feminine plural is worn as the doubled kasrah ـٍ of its ending ـَاتٍ. The words are what Adam received. L9 · R3

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix فَ at the front of فَتَابَ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and then' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. تَابَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'So (his Lord) turned', from the root توب: to repent, accept repentance. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed. Its plain base shape — the shape Arabic uses for a single 'he' — carries no who-ending glued to its tail, and تَابَ is exactly that bare base: 'So (his Lord) turned', from the root توب: to repent, accept repentance. L8 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of تَابَ is توب: to repent, accept repentance — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. عَلَيْ · 'on/upon' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. عَلَيْ · 'on/upon' is one of these relation-words — it is عَلَىٰ 'on' in the shape it takes when a suffix is fastened to its end. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'me / us / them' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. هِ · 'him/his' hangs on the little relation-word in عَلَيْهِ, governed by the word it is fastened to. L3 · R6

Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعلإِنَّ 'indeed' — carrying the doubling shaddah ـّ, a small w-shaped mark — is a particle of the family حرف مشبه بالفعل that opens a topic-plus-comment sentence, adds emphasis, and pushes its topic into the accusative, the fathah ـَ form. Joined with 'He' it reads إِنَّهُۥ: 'Indeed, He…'. L15 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; glued to a particle, it is governed by that particle. The ending هُۥ on إِنَّهُۥ stands for 'He' — the topic إِنَّ speaks about, held in the accusative role, the fathah ـَ form; the pronoun's written shape is fixed, so no fathah appears. L3 · R6

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I/you/he'. هُوَ is the standalone word for 'He' — one of the twelve detached forms. L3 · R2

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a statement opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic form usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. هُوَ 'He' opens the comment as that topic — a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one; 'the Accepting of Repentance' is what is said about Him. L6 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, ت, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: ٱلتَّوَّابُ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. تَّوَّابُ names such a thing: '(is) the Oft-returning (to mercy)', from the root توب: to repent, accept repentance. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. ٱلتَّوَّابُ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Singular Noun · مفردA singular noun refers to exactly one, showing its ending with a single short vowel mark. ٱلتَّوَّابُ names One alone, its single ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter — carrying the ending. L2 · R4

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or the comment about a topic, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. ٱلتَّوَّابُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ. L2 · R10

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, standing in the nominative in its own right — here the ḍammah ـُ, the small curl above its last letter. The topic was هُوَ 'He'; ٱلتَّوَّابُ is what is said about Him, with the 'is' understood: 'He IS the Accepting of Repentance'. L6 · R3

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root to name the one who does the action. ٱلتَّوَّابُ is built from the root توب — to repent, accept repentance — naming the One who returns to His servants with acceptance: the Oft-Returning to mercy. L11 · R1

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, ر, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: ٱلرَّحِيمُ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. رَّحِيمُ names such a thing: 'the Most Merciful', from the root رحم: to have mercy on, have compassion upon, pity. L1 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. ٱلرَّحِيمُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ, matching the word it describes. L2 · R10

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that comes after its noun and matches it in gender, number, ending, and 'the'-ness. ٱلرَّحِيمُ follows ٱلتَّوَّابُ and matches it on all four: both are 'he'-words, both name One, both end in the ḍammah ـُ — the small curl of the nominative — and both carry the prefix ٱل 'the'. L7 · R1