Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. لَا · 'not/no' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle is a word meaning 'not', flipping a statement to its opposite. لَا negates the ongoing action after it: He 'is NOT timid' to present an example. L4 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَسْتَحْىِۦٓ is an action unfolding now: 'ashamed', from the root حيي: to live, give life, revive; life, living. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَسْتَحْىِۦٓ opens with exactly such a letter: 'ashamed', from the root حيي: to live, give life, revive; life, living. L8 · R3

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of يَسْتَحْىِۦٓ is حيي: to live, give life, revive; life, living — and not one but two of its letters are weak, ي and ي: a doubly-weak root. L24 · R9

Doubled Verb · فعل مضاعفA doubled verb is one whose second and third root letters are the same letter — normally written once with the shaddah ـّ, the small w-shaped doubling mark. The root حيي repeats its ي as both second and third letters, so this verb belongs to the doubled family; because that repeated letter is also a weak letter, no shaddah shows here. L24 · R10

Form X Verb · اِسْتَفْعَلَA Form X verb is identified by the addition اِسْتَـ in front of the root letters. In the present-tense shape يَسْتَحْىِۦٓ that addition shows as سْتَ right after the prefix يَ, marking it as Form X. L13 · R6

Maṣdar Particle · حرف مصدريA maṣdar particle like أَن 'to/that' turns the verb after it into an action-idea — 'to present' works like the single naming word 'the presenting' — and it puts that verb into the subjunctive, the mood usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the verb's last letter. L20 · R15

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَضْرِبَ is an action unfolding now: 'set forth', from the root ضرب: to strike, set forth (examples), travel. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb is the verb shape that opens with one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت; small helper words before it can bend its time and mood. يَضْرِبَ wears that present-tense shape, opening with exactly such a letter: 'set forth', from the root ضرب: to strike, set forth (examples), travel. L8 · R3

Subjunctive Mood · الفعل المنصوبThe subjunctive mood is the shape a present tense verb takes after a particle like أَنْ 'to', its sign being a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke — on the final letter. يَضْرِبَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ on the ب because أَن stands before it. L10 · R4

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. مَثَلًا names such a thing: 'an example', from the root مثل: to resemble, be like; example, likeness, similitude. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. مَثَلًۭا carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. مَثَلًا carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'an example'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. مَثَلًۭا ends in that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, in the accusative — here the doubled fathah ـً above the last letter. The presenting of يَضْرِبَ lands on مَثَلًۭا: what He presents is an example. L9 · R3

Supplementary Particle · حرف زائدA supplementary particle is an extra word added for weight — removing it would not change the core meaning, but it presses the point. مَّا here leans on what follows: an example of 'even' a mosquito. L14 · R4

Noun · اسمA word ending with the letter ة (tā marbūṭah) is a noun — a naming word. بَعُوضَةًۭ ends in that ة and names a creature: a mosquito. L1 · R3

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she', most often marked by a ة — the round 'tied tā' — at its end. بَعُوضَةً carries exactly that round ة at its end, so it is treated as feminine: '(of) a mosquito'. L2 · R1

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. بَعُوضَةً carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: '(of) a mosquito'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. بَعُوضَةًۭ ends in that doubled fathah ـً, matching the ending of مَثَلًۭا 'an example' it renames. L2 · R11

Apposition (Badal) · بدلAn apposition is a second naming word that renames the one before it to make it clearer, matching it in case. بَعُوضَةًۭ 'a mosquito' renames مَثَلًۭا 'an example' — an example, namely a mosquito — and both wear the same doubled fathah ـً ending. L7 · R4

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix فَ at the front of فَمَا is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and then' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a whole describing sentence onto its meaning. مَا · 'and (even) something' is the relative word Arabic uses for non-human things — 'what' or 'that which' — one fixed shape for any gender and any number: its ending never changes to show its job in the sentence. L5 · R13

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. فَوْقَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ, the fixed dress of words that tell where something is. L2 · R11

Place Adverb · ظرف مكانA place adverb is a naming word frozen in the accusative — the fathah ـَ ending, the small stroke above its last letter — that tells where: فَوْقَ means 'above/beyond'. It chains to the word after it, here the pronoun هَا: 'beyond it'. L26 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'its/her' glued onto the end of another word. The ending هَا on فَوْقَهَا stands for 'it' — the mosquito: 'beyond it'. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains an owner onto the thing owned, and the owner carries the genitive — the owner's ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending هَا 'it' is that owner glued onto فَوْقَ: the 'beyond' belongs to the mosquito. A pronoun like هَا keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its owner slot carries. L5 · R5

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix فَ · 'then' at the front of فَأَمَّا opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1

Detail Particle (أَمَّا) · حرف تفصيلThe detail particle is أَمَّا 'as for…', which singles out a topic and then details it; its answer clause must begin with فَ. Here أَمَّا singles out 'those who have believed', and the answer فَيَعْلَمُونَ 'they know' begins with exactly that فَ. L20 · R20

Conditional Particle · أداة شرطA conditional particle sets up a two-part frame: a condition-like clause and its result, often joined by the result فَ. Here ٱلَّذِينَ 'those who', marked out by أَمَّا 'as for', works as that first half — whoever is of this group — and the clause beginning with فَ, 'they know', is its result. L16 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. ءَامَنُ speaks of an action already carried out: 'believed', from the root امن: to believe, faith, security, trust. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On ءَامَنُوا۟ that ending is وا۟, telling exactly who is meant: 'believed', from the root امن: to believe, faith, security, trust. L8 · R2

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has the hamza ء as one of its root letters. The root of ءَامَنُوا۟ is امن, whose first letter is that hamza; here it fuses into the long-vowel opening ءَا, which can disguise the root. L24 · R11

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters — the way سَلِمَ 'was safe' becomes أَسْلَمَ 'submitted' — often giving the sense of making or causing the action. ءَامَنُ carries that added hamza at its front: 'believed', from the root امن: to believe, faith, security, trust. L12 · R5

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. وا۟ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — ءَامَنُوا۟ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ on ءَامَنُوا۟ is that doer, 'they'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Result Particle · فاء الجوابThe result particle is a فَ introducing the 'then' half that follows from a condition or an 'as for…' opening. The prefix فَ here begins the answer to 'as for those who have believed': 'they know'. L14 · R2

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَعْلَمُ is an action unfolding now: '[thus] they will know', from the root علم: to know, knowledge. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَعْلَمُ opens with exactly such a letter: '[thus] they will know', from the root علم: to know, knowledge. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. فَيَعْلَمُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — فَيَعْلَمُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The و in the ending ونَ of يَعْلَمُونَ is that doer, 'they'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعلأَنَّ 'that' — carrying the doubling shaddah ـّ, a small w-shaped mark — belongs to the family حرف مشبه بالفعل; it introduces the content of knowing or saying, and it pushes the topic after it into the accusative, the fathah ـَ form, while the comment stays as it was. Here it follows 'they know': they know THAT it is the truth. L15 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; glued to a particle, it is governed by that particle. The ending هُ on أَنَّهُ stands for 'it' — the example — and serves as the topic أَنَّ pushes into the accusative, the fathah ـَ form; a pronoun keeps its fixed written shape, so the role, not a visible fathah, carries that case. L3 · R6

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): ٱلْحَقُّ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. حَقُّ names such a thing: '(is) the truth', from the root حقق: to be true, truth, reality. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. ٱلْحَقُّ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. ٱلْحَقُّ ends in that ḍammah ـُ: it is the comment telling what 'it' is, and the comment after أَنَّ keeps its nominative in its own right. L2 · R10

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مِن · 'from/of' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. مِن · 'from/of' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. رَّبِّ names such a thing: 'their Lord', from the root ربب: Lord, Sustainer, Nourisher, Regulator, Perfector. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. رَّبِّهِمْ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. رَّبِّ stands right after such a little word and carries exactly that kasrah ـِ on its own final letter — tucked inside رَّبِّهِمْ, just before the small piece fastened to the word's end. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'their' glued onto the end of another word. The ending هِمْ on رَّبِّهِمْ stands for 'their': 'their Lord'. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains an owner onto the thing owned, and the owner carries the genitive — the owner's ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending هِمْ 'their' is that owner glued onto رَّبِّ: the Lord of these believers. A pronoun like هِمْ keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its owner slot carries. L5 · R5

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَأَمَّا is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Detail Particle (أَمَّا) · حرف تفصيلThe detail particle is أَمَّا 'as for…', which singles out a topic and then details it; its answer clause must begin with فَ. Here أَمَّا singles out 'those who disbelieve', and the answer فَيَقُولُونَ 'they say' begins with exactly that فَ. L20 · R20

Conditional Particle · أداة شرطA conditional particle sets up a two-part frame: a condition-like clause and its result, often joined by the result فَ. Here ٱلَّذِينَ 'those who', marked out by أَمَّا 'as for', works as that first half — whoever is of this group — and the clause beginning with فَ, 'they say', is its result. L16 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. كَفَرُ speaks of an action already carried out: 'disbelieved', from the root كفر: to disbelieve, reject faith; disbelief, ingratitude. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On كَفَرُوا۟ that ending is وا۟, telling exactly who is meant: 'disbelieved', from the root كفر: to disbelieve, reject faith; disbelief, ingratitude. L8 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. وا۟ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — كَفَرُوا۟ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ on كَفَرُوا۟ is that doer, 'they'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Result Particle · فاء الجوابThe result particle is a فَ introducing the 'then' half that follows from a condition or an 'as for…' opening. The prefix فَ here begins the answer to 'as for those who disbelieve': 'they say'. L14 · R2

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَقُولُ is an action unfolding now: '[thus] they will say', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَقُولُ opens with exactly such a letter: '[thus] they will say', from the root قول: to say, speak, tell. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. فَيَقُولُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of يَقُولُ is قول: to say, speak, tell — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — فَيَقُولُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The و in the ending ونَ of يَقُولُونَ is that doer, 'they'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Interrogative Particle · حرف استفهامAn interrogative particle turns a statement into a question. مَاذَآ is the question word 'what?': 'What did Allāh intend by this?'. L17 · R3

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. أَرَادَ speaks of an action already carried out: '(did) intend', from the root رود: to seek, to go gently, slowly. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed. Its plain base shape — the shape Arabic uses for a single 'he' — carries no who-ending glued to its tail, and أَرَادَ is exactly that bare base: '(did) intend', from the root رود: to seek, to go gently, slowly. L8 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of أَرَادَ is رود: to seek, to go gently, slowly — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters — the way سَلِمَ 'was safe' becomes أَسْلَمَ 'submitted' — often giving the sense of making or causing the action. أَرَادَ carries that added hamza at its front: '(did) intend', from the root رود: to seek, to go gently, slowly. L12 · R5

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea — and in Arabic this includes proper names. ٱللَّهُ is a proper name: 'Allah'. L1 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject of its sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. ٱللَّهُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action of a verb, and it always takes the nominative — shown here by the ḍammah ـُ, the small curl above the last letter of ٱللَّهُ. He is the doer of أَرَادَ in their question: 'what did Allāh intend?'. L9 · R2

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِهَـٰذَا is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Demonstrative Pronoun · اسم إشارةA demonstrative pronoun is a pointing word that singles out a specific thing. هَٰذَا points to something near, masculine, and singular — 'this', the example just given. A pointing word keeps one fixed written shape, so no ending changes on it after the preposition بِ. L3 · R8

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. مَثَلًا names such a thing: 'example?', from the root مثل: to resemble, be like; example, likeness, similitude. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. مَثَلًۭا carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. مَثَلًا carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'example?'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. مَثَلًۭا ends in that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Specification (Tamyīz) · التمييزThe tamyīz is an indefinite naming word in the accusative — the fathah ـَ form, here the doubled fathah ـً — added to pin down in what respect something is meant. مَثَلًۭا pins down 'this': what did Allāh intend by this — as an example? L21 · R12

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يُضِلُّ is an action unfolding now: 'He lets go astray', from the root ضلل: to err, go astray, be lost. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يُضِلُّ opens with exactly such a letter: 'He lets go astray', from the root ضلل: to err, go astray, be lost. L8 · R3

Doubled Verb · فعل مضاعفA doubled verb is one whose second and third root letters are the same letter, written once with the shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped doubling mark. The root of يُضِلُّ is ضلل, its two ل's folded into the single ل carrying that shaddah ـّ. L24 · R10

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters; in the present tense this form announces itself instead by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the letter — sitting on the verb's opening prefix letter. يُضِلُّ carries exactly that ḍammah ـُ on its opening letter: 'He lets go astray', from the root ضلل: to err, go astray, be lost. L12 · R7

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِهِۦ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هِۦ 'it'. Joined after the preposition بِ, it points back to the example: 'thereby'. L3 · R7

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. كَثِيرًا names such a thing: 'many', from the root كثر: to surpass in number or quantity, be much, many, numerous, increase, multiply. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. كَثِيرًۭا carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Singular Noun · مفردA singular noun is a naming word in its one-entity form, showing its ending with a single short vowel mark — doubled to tanwīn when indefinite. كَثِيرًۭا is singular in form — one word gathering a whole multitude as 'many' — and wears the single doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R4

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. كَثِيرًا carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'many'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. كَثِيرًۭا ends in that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, in the accusative — here the doubled fathah ـً above the last letter. The misleading of يُضِلُّ lands on كَثِيرًۭا: 'many'. L9 · R3

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَيَهْدِى is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَهْدِى is an action unfolding now: 'and He guides', from the root هدي: to guide, show the right path. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَهْدِى opens with exactly such a letter: 'and He guides', from the root هدي: to guide, show the right path. L8 · R3

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of يَهْدِى is هدي: to guide, show the right path — and its last letter is the weak ي, so the weakness sits at the very end of the root. L24 · R7

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِهِۦ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هِۦ 'it'. Joined after the preposition بِ, it points back to the example: 'thereby'. L3 · R7

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. كَثِيرًا names such a thing: 'many', from the root كثر: to surpass in number or quantity, be much, many, numerous, increase, multiply. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. كَثِيرًۭا carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Singular Noun · مفردA singular noun is a naming word in its one-entity form, showing its ending with a single short vowel mark — doubled to tanwīn when indefinite. كَثِيرًۭا is singular in form — one word gathering a whole multitude as 'many' — and wears the single doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R4

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. كَثِيرًا carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'many'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. كَثِيرًۭا ends in that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, in the accusative — here the doubled fathah ـً above the last letter. The guiding of يَهْدِى lands on كَثِيرًۭا: 'many'. L9 · R3

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix وَ · 'and' at the front of وَمَا opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مَا · 'not/what' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle is a word meaning 'not', flipping a statement to its opposite. مَا negates the statement after it — 'He does NOT mislead' — preparing the 'except' that narrows it. L4 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يُضِلُّ is an action unfolding now: 'He lets go astray', from the root ضلل: to err, go astray, be lost. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يُضِلُّ opens with exactly such a letter: 'He lets go astray', from the root ضلل: to err, go astray, be lost. L8 · R3

Doubled Verb · فعل مضاعفA doubled verb is one whose second and third root letters are the same letter, written once with the shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped doubling mark. The root of يُضِلُّ is ضلل, its two ل's folded into the single ل carrying that shaddah ـّ. L24 · R10

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters; in the present tense this form announces itself instead by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the letter — sitting on the verb's opening prefix letter. يُضِلُّ carries exactly that ḍammah ـُ on its opening letter: 'He lets go astray', from the root ضلل: to err, go astray, be lost. L12 · R7

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِهِۦٓ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هِۦٓ 'it'. Joined after the preposition بِ, it points back to the example: 'thereby'. L3 · R7

Restriction Particle · أداة الحصرA restriction particle narrows a whole statement down to exactly one thing, meaning 'only'. The pattern here is a 'not' (مَا) plus the verb plus إِلَّا 'except': 'He does not mislead thereby EXCEPT the defiantly disobedient' — that is, only them. L19 · R5

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): ٱلْفَـٰسِقِينَ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. فَٰسِقِينَ is such a naming word: 'the defiantly disobedient', from the root فسق: to disobey defiantly, transgress, rebellious disobedience. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. Even as a plural, ٱلْفَـٰسِقِينَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is a masculine noun; its ending is the 'sound' plural ending Arabic reserves for masculine nouns. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more of something. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); ٱلْفَـٰسِقِينَ closes with exactly such an ending: not one, but a whole group. L2 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter — but the dual and the sound masculine plural share one ending, ـِينَ, for both the accusative and the genitive. ٱلْفَـٰسِقِينَ wears that ـِينَ ending as the one the misleading lands on. L2 · R7

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, in the accusative — shown for this plural by its ending ـِينَ rather than a fathah ـَ. The misleading of يُضِلُّ lands on ٱلْفَـٰسِقِينَ, and only on them. L9 · R3

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root on the pattern فَاعِل to name the doer of the action. فَٰسِق is built on that pattern from the root فسق (to disobey defiantly): ones who defiantly disobey. L11 · R1