Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. عَهْدَ names such a thing: '(the) Covenant', from the root عهد: covenant, treaty, oath, promise. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. عَهْدَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. عَهْدَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, in the accusative — the fathah ـَ, the small stroke above the last letter. The breaking of يَنقُضُونَ lands on عَهْدَ: what they break is the covenant. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea — and in Arabic this includes proper names. ٱللَّهِ is a proper name: '(of) Allah'. L1 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, marked by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke written below the final letter. عَهْدَ and ٱللَّهِ form such a pair, '(the) Covenant (of) Allah', and as the owner-word of that pair, ٱللَّهِ ends with exactly that kasrah ـِ. L2 · R12

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهArabic says 'of' by chaining two nouns — two naming words — directly together: عَهْدَ ٱللَّهِ reads '(the) Covenant — (of) Allah'. The second word of such a chain, the owner, always takes the genitive — the after-'of' ending, shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter — and ٱللَّهِ ends with exactly that kasrah ـِ. L5 · R5

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مِنۢ · 'from/of' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. مِنۢ · 'from/of' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. بَعْدِ names such a thing: 'after', from the root بعد: after, distance, remoteness. L1 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. بَعْدِ stands right after such a little word, so its final letter carries exactly that kasrah ـِ: بَعْدِ. L2 · R12

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. مِيثَٰقِ names such a thing: 'its ratification', from the root وثق: to bind, covenant, treaty, trustworthy. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. مِيثَـٰقِهِۦ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, marked by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke written below the letter. بَعْدِ and مِيثَـٰقِهِۦ form such a pair, 'after its ratification', and as the owner-word of that pair, مِيثَٰقِ carries exactly that kasrah ـِ on its own final letter — just before the small piece fastened to the word's end. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'its/his' glued onto the end of another word. The ending هِۦ on مِيثَـٰقِهِۦ stands for 'its' — pointing back to the covenant: 'its ratification'. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهArabic says 'of' by chaining two nouns — two naming words — directly together: بَعْدِ مِيثَـٰقِهِۦ reads 'after — its ratification'. The second word of such a chain, the owner, always takes the genitive — the after-'of' ending, shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter — and مِيثَٰقِ carries exactly that kasrah ـِ on its own final letter, just before the small piece fastened to the word's end. L5 · R5

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَيَقْطَعُونَ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَقْطَعُ is an action unfolding now: 'and [they] cut', from the root قطع: to cut, cut off, separate, turn aside. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَقْطَعُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'and [they] cut', from the root قطع: to cut, cut off, separate, turn aside. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. وَيَقْطَعُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — وَيَقْطَعُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The و in the ending ونَ of يَقْطَعُونَ is that doer, 'they'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a whole describing sentence onto its meaning. مَآ · 'what' is the relative word Arabic uses for non-human things — 'what' or 'that which' — one fixed shape for any gender and any number: its ending never changes to show its job in the sentence. L5 · R13

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is what the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. The severing of يَقْطَعُونَ lands on مَآ 'that which…'; this word keeps one fixed written shape, so no fathah appears on it — the object role is carried by its place in the sentence. L9 · R3

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. أَمَرَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'has ordered', from the root امر: matter, affair, command. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed. Its plain base shape — the shape Arabic uses for a single 'he' — carries no who-ending glued to its tail, and أَمَرَ is exactly that bare base: 'has ordered', from the root امر: matter, affair, command. L8 · R1

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has the hamza ء as one of its root letters. The root of أَمَرَ is امر, whose first letter is that hamza — here seated on an alif as أَ, since the hamza's written seat changes with the vowels around it. L24 · R11

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea — and in Arabic this includes proper names. ٱللَّهُ is a proper name: 'Allah'. L1 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject of its sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. ٱللَّهُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action of a verb, and it always takes the nominative — shown here by the ḍammah ـُ, the small curl above the last letter of ٱللَّهُ. He is the doer of أَمَرَ: Allāh is the one who ordered. L9 · R2

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِهِۦٓ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هِۦٓ 'it'. Joined after the preposition بِ, it points back to 'that which' Allāh ordered. L3 · R7

Maṣdar Particle · حرف مصدريA maṣdar particle like أَن 'to/that' turns the verb after it into an action-idea — 'to be joined' works like the single naming word 'its joining' — and it puts that verb into the subjunctive, the mood usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the verb's last letter. L20 · R15

Apposition (Badal) · بدلAn apposition is a second expression that renames what came before it to make it clearer, matching it in case. The action-idea built by أَن — 'its being joined' — renames مَآ 'that which Allāh ordered': what He ordered, namely its joining. L7 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يُوصَلَ is an action unfolding now: 'be joined', from the root وصل: to join, connect, reach; connection, means of approach. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb is the verb shape that opens with one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت; small helper words before it can bend its time and mood. يُوصَلَ wears that present-tense shape, opening with exactly such a letter: 'be joined', from the root وصل: to join, connect, reach; connection, means of approach. L8 · R3

Subjunctive Mood · الفعل المنصوبThe subjunctive mood is the shape a present tense verb takes after a particle like أَنْ 'to', its sign being a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke — on the final letter. يُوصَلَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ on the ل because أَن stands before it. L10 · R4

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of يُوصَلَ is وصل: to join, connect, reach; connection, means of approach — and its first letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits at the front of the root. L24 · R3

Passive Voice · المبني للمجهولA passive voice verb leaves the doer unnamed by reshaping its inner vowels; in the present tense the pattern carries a ḍammah ـُ (a small curl) on the prefix and a fathah ـَ (a small stroke) before the last root letter. يُوصَلَ shows both — the ḍammah on يُ and the fathah on صَ: 'it is to BE joined', with the subject receiving the joining rather than doing it. L11 · R4

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَيُفْسِدُونَ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يُفْسِدُ is an action unfolding now: 'and [they] spread corruption', from the root فسد: to spread corruption, cause ruin, corrupters. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يُفْسِدُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'and [they] spread corruption', from the root فسد: to spread corruption, cause ruin, corrupters. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. وَيُفْسِدُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters; in the present tense this form announces itself instead by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the letter — sitting on the verb's opening prefix letter. يُفْسِدُ carries exactly that ḍammah ـُ on its opening letter: 'and [they] spread corruption', from the root فسد: to spread corruption, cause ruin, corrupters. L12 · R7

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — وَيُفْسِدُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The و in the ending ونَ of يُفْسِدُونَ is that doer, 'they'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. فِى · 'in' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. فِى · 'in' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): ٱلْأَرْضِ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. أَرْضِ names such a thing: 'the earth', from the root ارض: earth, land, ground. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. Most feminine nouns wear a visible marker — a ة at the end, a final ى, or اء — but أَرْضِ shows none of these: it is one of the words Arabic simply knows as feminine, learned with the word itself: 'the earth'. L2 · R2

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. أَرْضِ stands right after such a little word, so its final letter carries exactly that kasrah ـِ: ٱلْأَرْضِ. L2 · R12

Demonstrative Pronoun · اسم إشارةA demonstrative pronoun is a pointing word that singles out specific ones, near or far. أُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ is the plural far form — 'those': the people just described. L3 · R8

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the word a statement opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. أُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ 'those' is that topic; a pointing word keeps one fixed written shape, so no ḍammah appears on it — the nominative is the role it fills. L6 · R2

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'they', 'you', 'I', and the like. هُمُ is the standalone word 'they', placed between 'those' and 'the losers' to fasten the two together. L3 · R2

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the word a statement talks about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. Read as opening an inner statement of its own, هُمُ 'they' is such a topic, with 'the losers' said about it; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the role, not a visible ḍammah, carries the case. L6 · R2

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, and it stands in the nominative in its own right — the form usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. Beginning with هُمُ, the words 'they are the losers' are what is told about the topic أُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ 'those'; the pronoun's fixed written shape carries the role without a visible ḍammah. L6 · R3

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): ٱلْخَـٰسِرُونَ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. خَٰسِرُونَ is such a naming word: '(are) the losers', from the root خسر: to lose, be a loser, suffer loss. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. Even as a plural, ٱلْخَـٰسِرُونَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is a masculine noun; its ending is the 'sound' plural ending Arabic reserves for masculine nouns. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more of something. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); ٱلْخَـٰسِرُونَ closes with exactly such an ending: not one, but a whole group. L2 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the standing a naming word takes as subject or the comment about a topic, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. For this kind of plural the nominative shows itself instead as the ending ـُونَ, which ٱلْخَـٰسِرُونَ carries. L2 · R6

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, standing in the nominative in its own right — shown here by the plural's nominative ending ـُونَ. ٱلْخَـٰسِرُونَ 'the losers' is what is said of them, with the 'are' understood: 'it is those who ARE the losers'. L6 · R3

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root on the pattern فَاعِل to name the doer of the action. خَٰسِر is built on that pattern from the root خسر (to lose): ones who lose. L11 · R1