Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a person, thing, or idea. عَهْدَ names an idea — a covenant — from the root عهد: covenant, treaty, oath, promise. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. عَهْدَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, in the accusative — the fathah ـَ, the small stroke above the last letter. The breaking of يَنقُضُونَ lands on عَهْدَ: what they break is the covenant. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word — it covers proper names as well as things and ideas. ٱللَّهِ is the proper name of Allah, from the root اله, god. L1 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. ٱللَّهِ ends in that kasrah ـِ as the second word of 'the covenant OF Allāh'. L2 · R12

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase; the owner comes second and always takes the genitive — the owner's ending, the kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. ٱللَّهِ is that owner here, carrying the kasrah: the covenant of Allāh. L5 · R5

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِنۢ is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word right after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنۢ pairs with the time word 'after': 'from after its ratification'. L4 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a person, place, thing, idea, or time. بَعْدِ names a time — 'after' — from the root بعد, after, distance. L1 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. بَعْدِ carries that kasrah ـِ because مِنۢ stands before it. L2 · R12

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a person, thing, or idea. مِيثَٰقِ names a thing — a binding ratification — from the root وثق, to bind; covenant, trustworthy. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. مِيثَٰقِ carries that kasrah ـِ as the paired word of 'after': 'after its ratification'. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'its/his' glued onto the end of another word. The ending هِۦ on مِيثَـٰقِهِۦ stands for 'its' — pointing back to the covenant: 'its ratification'. L3 · R7

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) makes an 'of' chain whose second, owning word always takes the genitive — the owner's ending, the kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. Here the chain runs twice: مِيثَٰقِ is the owner paired with 'after', carrying that kasrah ـِ, and the ending هِۦ 'its' is in turn the owner of the ratification; a pronoun keeps its fixed written shape, so on هِۦ the genitive is the role its owner slot carries. L5 · R5

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word that ties one action to another. The prefix وَ joins 'sever' to 'break': a second deed of the same people. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَقْطَعُ names an action — cutting — from the root قطع, to cut, cut off, separate. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb describes an ongoing action and opens with one of the four prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَقْطَعُونَ opens with يَ, the 'they' marker together with its plural ending: 'they sever'. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present shapes ending in نَ, one being يَفْعَلُونَ 'they do'; for these shapes that final نَ itself is the mood sign — kept in the plain mood, dropped after words like لَمْ or لَنْ. يَقْطَعُونَ keeps its نَ, showing the plain, unaltered mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. In the ending ونَ of يَقْطَعُونَ, the و is that mini-word, standing for 'they'. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The و in the ending ونَ of يَقْطَعُونَ is that doer, 'they'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a describing sentence onto something. مَآ is the form used for non-human things — 'that which': that which Allāh has ordered to be joined. L5 · R13

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is what the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. The severing of يَقْطَعُونَ lands on مَآ 'that which…'; this word keeps one fixed written shape, so no fathah appears on it — the object role is carried by its place in the sentence. L9 · R3

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. أَمَرَ names an action — ordering — from the root امر: matter, affair, command. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb in its base shape is the bare 'he' form with no added ending, naming a completed action. أَمَرَ is exactly that bare form: 'He ordered' — its opening أَ is the first letter of the root itself. L8 · R1

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has the hamza ء as one of its root letters. The root of أَمَرَ is امر, whose first letter is that hamza — here seated on an alif as أَ, since the hamza's written seat changes with the vowels around it. L24 · R11

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word — it covers proper names as well as things and ideas. ٱللَّهُ is the proper name of Allah, from the root اله, god. L1 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject of its sentence, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. ٱللَّهُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action of a verb, and it always takes the nominative — shown here by the ḍammah ـُ, the small curl above the last letter of ٱللَّهُ. He is the doer of أَمَرَ: Allāh is the one who ordered. L9 · R2

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition standing, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix بِ pairs with the ordering: ordered 'concerning it'. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هِۦٓ 'it'. Joined after the preposition بِ, it points back to 'that which' Allāh ordered. L3 · R7

Maṣdar Particle · حرف مصدريA maṣdar particle like أَن 'to/that' turns the verb after it into an action-idea — 'to be joined' works like the single naming word 'its joining' — and it puts that verb into the subjunctive, the mood usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the verb's last letter. L20 · R15

Apposition (Badal) · بدلAn apposition is a second expression that renames what came before it to make it clearer, matching it in case. The action-idea built by أَن — 'its being joined' — renames مَآ 'that which Allāh ordered': what He ordered, namely its joining. L7 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يُوصَلَ names an action — joining — from the root وصل, to join, connect, reach. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb opens with one of the four prefixes أ ن ي ت. يُوصَلَ opens with يُ, the 'it' marker: 'it is joined'. L8 · R3

Subjunctive Mood · الفعل المنصوبThe subjunctive mood is the shape a present tense verb takes after a particle like أَنْ 'to', its sign being a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke — on the final letter. يُوصَلَ ends in exactly that fathah ـَ on the ل because أَن stands before it. L10 · R4

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is one whose root contains the weak letter و or ي. The root of يُوصَلَ is وصل, whose first letter is the weak و — visible here as the long 'ū' after the prefix. L24 · R2

Passive Voice · المبني للمجهولA passive voice verb leaves the doer unnamed by reshaping its inner vowels; in the present tense the pattern carries a ḍammah ـُ (a small curl) on the prefix and a fathah ـَ (a small stroke) before the last root letter. يُوصَلَ shows both — the ḍammah on يُ and the fathah on صَ: 'it is to BE joined', with the subject receiving the joining rather than doing it. L11 · R4

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word that ties one action to another. The prefix وَ joins 'cause corruption' to the deeds before it: a third mark of the same people. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يُفْسِدُ names an action — spreading corruption — from the root فسد, to spread corruption, cause ruin. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb describes an ongoing action and opens with one of the four prefixes أ ن ي ت. يُفْسِدُونَ opens with يُ, the 'they' marker together with its plural ending: 'they spread corruption'. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present shapes ending in نَ, one being يَفْعَلُونَ 'they do'; for these shapes that final نَ itself is the mood sign — kept in the plain mood, dropped after words like لَمْ or لَنْ. يُفْسِدُونَ keeps its نَ, showing the plain, unaltered mood. L10 · R10

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَIn the present tense a Form IV verb is identified by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl — on its prefix letter. يُفْسِدُونَ carries exactly that ḍammah on its prefix يُ, marking the causing pattern: they CAUSE ruin — 'they spread corruption'. L12 · R7

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. In the ending ونَ of يُفْسِدُونَ, the و is that mini-word, standing for 'they'. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The و in the ending ونَ of يُفْسِدُونَ is that doer, 'they'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. فِى is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word right after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. فِى means 'in': 'in the earth'. L4 · R1

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ ('the') fixed to the front of a naming word to mark one specific, known thing. Here it marks أَرْضِ as 'the earth'. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts the prefix ٱلْ ('the') is a noun — a naming word. This word carries that prefix and names a thing: 'the earth', from the root ارض, earth, land, ground. L1 · R1

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she'. أَرْض 'earth' is one of the special words counted feminine without any visible marker — it must simply be known — so it is treated as feminine. L2 · R2

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. ٱلْأَرْضِ carries that kasrah ـِ because فِى 'in' stands before it. L2 · R12

Demonstrative Pronoun · اسم إشارةA demonstrative pronoun is a pointing word that singles out specific ones, near or far. أُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ is the plural far form — 'those': the people just described. L3 · R8

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the word a statement opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. أُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ 'those' is that topic; a pointing word keeps one fixed written shape, so no ḍammah appears on it — the nominative is the role it fills. L6 · R2

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'they', 'you', 'I', and the like. هُمُ is the standalone word 'they', placed between 'those' and 'the losers' to fasten the two together. L3 · R2

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the word a statement talks about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. Read as opening an inner statement of its own, هُمُ 'they' is such a topic, with 'the losers' said about it; a pronoun keeps one fixed written shape, so the role, not a visible ḍammah, carries the case. L6 · R2

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, and it stands in the nominative in its own right — the form usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. Beginning with هُمُ, the words 'they are the losers' are what is told about the topic أُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ 'those'; the pronoun's fixed written shape carries the role without a visible ḍammah. L6 · R3

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ ('the') fixed to the front of a naming word to mark a specific, known group. Here it marks خَٰسِرُونَ as 'the losers'. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts the prefix ٱلْ ('the') is a noun — a naming word. This word carries that prefix and names a group: 'the losers', from the root خسر, to lose, suffer loss. L1 · R1

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. The sound masculine plural adds the ending ـُونَ when the word is subject or comment; ٱلْخَـٰسِرُونَ ends in exactly that ـُونَ: the many losers. L2 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the standing a naming word takes as subject or the comment about a topic, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. For this kind of plural the nominative shows itself instead as the ending ـُونَ, which ٱلْخَـٰسِرُونَ carries. L2 · R10

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, standing in the nominative in its own right — shown here by the plural's nominative ending ـُونَ. ٱلْخَـٰسِرُونَ 'the losers' is what is said of them, with the 'are' understood: 'it is those who ARE the losers'. L6 · R3

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root on the pattern فَاعِل to name the doer of the action. خَٰسِر is built on that pattern from the root خسر (to lose): ones who lose. L11 · R1