Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix كَ at the front of كَصَيِّبٍۢ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'like/as' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. صَيِّبٍ names such a thing: 'like a rainstorm', from the root صوب: to strike, befall, afflict; calamity, disaster. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. كَصَيِّبٍۢ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. صَيِّبٍ carries the tanwīn ـٍ — the kasrah ـِ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'like a rainstorm'. L2 · R8

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ — or here the doubled tanwīn kasrah ـٍ, a small stroke below the last letter. صَيِّبٍ carries that ـٍ because the preposition كَ 'like' stands before it: 'like a rainstorm'. L2 · R12

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مِّنَ · 'from/of' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. مِّنَ · 'from/of' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, س, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: ٱلسَّمَآءِ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts the prefix ٱل ('the') is a noun — a naming word. This word carries that prefix and names a thing, 'the sky', from the root سمو, that which is high. L1 · R1

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'; one of its markers is the ending اء — an alif followed by the letter hamzah. سَّمَآءِ ends with exactly that اء, so it is treated as feminine: 'the sky'. L2 · R1

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. سَّمَآءِ stands right after such a little word, so its final letter carries exactly that kasrah ـِ: ٱلسَّمَآءِ. L2 · R12

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. فِي · 'in' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. فِي · 'in' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'me / us / them' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. هِ · 'him/his' hangs on the little relation-word in فِيهِ, governed by the word it is fastened to. L3 · R6

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a thing. ظُلُمَٰتٌ names a thing — darknesses — from the root ظلم, whose meaning is built on the idea of darkness and wrongdoing. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. ظُلُمَٰتٌ closes with the sound feminine plural ending ـَات — the ending Arabic adds to name three or more of something feminine — and that plural ending marks the word as feminine: 'darkness[es]'. L2 · R6

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. The sound feminine plural adds the ending ـَاتٌ. ظُلُمَٰتٌ ends in ـَاتٌ, so it names many layers of darkness. L2 · R6

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. ظُلُمَٰتٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ — the ḍammah ـُ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'darkness[es]'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes when it is the topic within a statement, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — or here the doubled tanwīn ḍammah ـٌ, a small curl above the last letter. ظُلُمَٰتٌ carries that ـٌ, standing as what 'within it' points to: within it is darkness. L2 · R10

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a statement talks about — its topic — standing in the nominative, shown by the doubled tanwīn ḍammah ـٌ here. ظُلُمَٰتٌ carries that ـٌ; the phrase before it, 'within it', tells where this darkness is. L6 · R2

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that follows its noun. Here ظُلُمَٰتٌ, along with the phrase 'within it', describes the rainstorm just named — a storm within which there is darkness. L7 · R1

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَرَعْدٌۭ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. رَعْدٌ names such a thing: 'and thunder', from the root رعد: thunder. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. وَرَعْدٌۭ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. رَعْدٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ — the ḍammah ـُ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'and thunder'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — or here the doubled tanwīn ḍammah ـٌ, a small curl above the last letter. رَعْدٌ carries that ـٌ, matching the case of the darkness it is joined to: within it is darkness and thunder. L2 · R10

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَبَرْقٌۭ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. بَرْقٌ names such a thing: 'and lightning', from the root برق: to flash, lighten; lightning, dazzling brightness. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. وَبَرْقٌۭ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. بَرْقٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ — the ḍammah ـُ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'and lightning'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — or here the doubled tanwīn ḍammah ـٌ, a small curl above the last letter. بَرْقٌ carries that ـٌ, matching the case of the items it is joined to: darkness, thunder, and lightning. L2 · R10

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَجْعَلُ is an action unfolding now: 'They put', from the root جعل: to put, place, make, effect, prepare, produce, appoint, fix, begin. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَجْعَلُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'They put', from the root جعل: to put, place, make, effect, prepare, produce, appoint, fix, begin. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. يَجْعَلُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — يَجْعَلُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ونَ ending on يَجْعَلُونَ is that doer, 'they'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. أَصَٰبِعَ names such a thing: 'their fingers', from the root صبع: finger. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. أَصَـٰبِعَهُمْ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. أَصَٰبِعَ is a 'broken' plural — its inner shape reshaped from the singular — naming the fingers, many together. L2 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. أَصَٰبِعَ ends in that fathah ـَ, marking the fingers as what they put. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, and it takes the accusative — the ending shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter. أَصَٰبِعَ carries that fathah ـَ and is what they put in their ears — their fingers. L9 · R3

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'their' glued onto the end of a noun. The ending هُمْ on أَصَـٰبِعَهُمْ stands for 'their', naming whose fingers they are. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains an owner onto the thing owned, and the owner carries the genitive — the owner's ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending هُمْ 'their' is that owner glued onto أَصَٰبِعَ; a pronoun like هُمْ keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its owner slot carries: 'their fingers'. L5 · R5

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. فِىٓ · 'in' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. فِىٓ · 'in' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. ءَاذَانِ names such a thing: 'their ears', from the root اذن: to permit, permission; ears. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. ءَاذَانِ is a plural built by reshaping its word from the inside rather than by adding an ending, and it wears no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — yet Arabic treats it as feminine: 'their ears'. L2 · R2

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. ءَاذَانِ is a 'broken' plural — its inner shape reshaped from the singular — naming the ears, many together. L2 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. ءَاذَانِ stands right after such a little word and carries exactly that kasrah ـِ on its own final letter — tucked inside ءَاذَانِهِم, just before the small piece fastened to the word's end. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'their' glued onto the end of a noun. The ending هِم on ءَاذَانِهِم stands for 'their', naming whose ears they are. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains an owner onto the thing owned, and the owner carries the genitive — the owner's ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending هِم 'their' is that owner glued onto ءَاذَانِ; a pronoun like هِم keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its owner slot carries: 'their ears'. L5 · R5

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مِّنَ · 'from/of' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. مِّنَ · 'from/of' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, ص, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: ٱلصَّوَٰعِقِ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. صَّوَٰعِقِ names such a thing: 'the thunderclaps', from the root صعق: to faint, fall unconscious; thunderbolt. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. صَّوَٰعِقِ is a plural built by reshaping its word from the inside rather than by adding an ending, and it wears no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — yet Arabic treats it as feminine: 'the thunderclaps'. L2 · R2

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. ٱلصَّوَٰعِقِ is a 'broken' plural — its inner shape reshaped from the singular — naming many thunderclaps. L2 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. صَّوَٰعِقِ stands right after such a little word, so its final letter carries exactly that kasrah ـِ: ٱلصَّوَٰعِقِ. L2 · R12

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. حَذَرَ names such a thing: '(in) fear (of)', from the root حذر: to be cautious, beware and take precautions against danger. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. حَذَرَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending usually shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. حَذَرَ ends in that fathah ـَ, marking it in the accusative role that names the motive: they stop their ears out of dread. L2 · R11

Reason Object (Maf'ūl lahu) · المفعول لهThe reason object is an accusative noun — carrying the fathah ـَ, a stroke above the last letter — that answers 'why?', naming the motive of an action. حَذَرَ carries that fathah ـَ and tells why they block their ears: in dread of death. L21 · R14

Verbal Noun (Masdar) · المصدرA verbal noun names the action itself as a thing — from 'he dreaded' comes 'dread'. حَذَرَ, from the root حذر, names the act of dreading as a thing: dread of death. L22 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): ٱلْمَوْتِ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. مَوْتِ names such a thing: '[the] death', from the root موت: to die, expire. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. ٱلْمَوْتِ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, marked by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke written below the final letter. حَذَرَ and ٱلْمَوْتِ form such a pair, '(in) fear (of) [the] death', and as the owner-word of that pair, ٱلْمَوْتِ ends with exactly that kasrah ـِ. L2 · R12

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهArabic says 'of' by chaining two nouns — two naming words — directly together: حَذَرَ ٱلْمَوْتِ reads '(in) fear (of) — [the] death'. The second word of such a chain, the owner, always takes the genitive — the after-'of' ending, shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter — and ٱلْمَوْتِ ends with exactly that kasrah ـِ. L5 · R5

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix وَ · 'and' at the front of وَٱللَّهُ opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea — and in Arabic this includes proper names. ٱللَّهُ is a proper name: 'And Allah'. L1 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes when it is the topic the sentence talks about, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. ٱللَّهُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ, marking it as the topic: 'Allah…'. L2 · R10

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a sentence opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, shown by a ḍammah ـُ above the last letter. ٱللَّهُ carries that ḍammah ـُ and is the topic; what follows, 'encompassing of the disbelievers', is said about Him. L6 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. مُحِيطٌۢ names such a thing: '(is) [the One Who] encompasses', from the root حوط: to surround, to encompass, to guard. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. مُحِيطٌۢ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is a naming word left general — not pinned to one known thing by the definite article ال ('the') — and it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. مُحِيطٌۢ carries the tanwīn ـٌ — the ḍammah ـُ doubled: '(is) [the One Who] encompasses'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes when it completes what is said about the topic, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — or here the doubled tanwīn ḍammah ـٌ, a small curl above the last letter. مُحِيطٌ carries that ـٌ, as the comment about 'Allah': He is encompassing. L2 · R10

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, standing in the nominative, here the doubled tanwīn ḍammah ـٌ. The topic was ٱللَّهُ; مُحِيطٌ, carrying that ـٌ, is what is said about Him — encompassing. L6 · R3

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root to name the one who does the action, and for the derived patterns it opens with مُـ with a kasrah ـِ — an 'i' sound — before the last root letter. Built from the root حوط (to surround), مُحِيطٌ opens with that مُـ, the long 'ī' before its final ط carrying that kasrah sound: the One who encompasses. L11 · R3

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِٱلْكَـٰفِرِينَ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): بِٱلْكَـٰفِرِينَ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. كَٰفِرِينَ is such a naming word: 'the disbelievers', from the root كفر: to disbelieve, reject faith; disbelief, ingratitude. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. Even as a plural, بِٱلْكَـٰفِرِينَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is a masculine noun; its ending is the 'sound' plural ending Arabic reserves for masculine nouns. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more of something. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); بِٱلْكَـٰفِرِينَ closes with exactly such an ending: not one, but a whole group. L2 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the 'after-of / after-preposition' family of endings a noun — a naming word — can wear; on most nouns it is shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the final letter. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); بِٱلْكَـٰفِرِينَ wears its genitive inside that shared plural ending. L2 · R7

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root to name the doer of the action. Built from the root كفر (to reject faith), كَٰفِرِينَ names the doers — those who disbelieve. L11 · R1