Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَخْطَفُ is an action unfolding now: 'snatches away', from the root خطف: to snatch away, seize suddenly. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَخْطَفُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'snatches away', from the root خطف: to snatch away, seize suddenly. L8 · R3

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. أَبْصَٰرَ names such a thing: 'their sight', from the root بصر: to see, sight, vision, insight. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. أَبْصَـٰرَهُمْ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. أَبْصَٰرَ is a 'broken' plural — its inner shape reshaped from the singular — naming their many sights. L2 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. أَبْصَٰرَ ends in that fathah ـَ, marking their sight as what the lightning snatches. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, and it takes the accusative — the ending shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter. أَبْصَٰرَ carries that fathah ـَ and is what is snatched — their sight. L9 · R3

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'their' glued onto the end of a noun. The ending هُمْ on أَبْصَـٰرَهُمْ stands for 'their', naming whose sight it is. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains an owner onto the thing owned, and the owner carries the genitive — the owner's ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending هُمْ 'their' is that owner glued onto أَبْصَٰرَ; a pronoun like هُمْ keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its owner slot carries: 'their sight'. L5 · R5

Time Adverb · ظرف زمانA time adverb is a naming word that pins a sentence to the moment its action happens. كُلَّمَآ means 'every time', fixing what follows to each occasion it occurs: 'every time it lights the way for them'. L16 · R10

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. أَضَآءَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'it flashes', from the root ضوا: light, to shine, radiance. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed. Its plain base shape — the shape Arabic uses for a single 'he' — carries no who-ending glued to its tail, and أَضَآءَ is exactly that bare base: 'it flashes', from the root ضوا: light, to shine, radiance. L8 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of أَضَآءَ is ضوا: light, to shine, radiance — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) among its root letters. Built from the root ضوا, أَضَآءَ carries that hamza written as ء at its end, keeping it among the hamzated kind. L24 · R11

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters — the way سَلِمَ 'was safe' becomes أَسْلَمَ 'submitted' — often giving the sense of making or causing the action. أَضَآءَ carries that added hamza at its front: 'it flashes', from the root ضوا: light, to shine, radiance. L12 · R5

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix لَ at the front of لَهُم is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'to/for' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هُم 'them'. Glued after the preposition لَ, it names those the light shines for: 'for them'. L3 · R7

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. مَّشَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'they walk', from the root مشي: they walk. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On مَّشَوْا۟ that ending is وْا۟, telling exactly who is meant: 'they walk', from the root مشي: they walk. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of مَّشَ is مشي: they walk — and its last letter is the weak ي, so the weakness sits at the very end of the root. L24 · R7

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. وْا۟ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — مَّشَوْا۟ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وْا۟ on مَّشَوْا۟ is that doer, 'they'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. فِي · 'in' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. فِي · 'in' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'me / us / them' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. هِ · 'him/his' hangs on the little relation-word in فِيهِ, governed by the word it is fastened to. L3 · R6

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix وَ · 'and' at the front of وَإِذَآ opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1

Time Adverb · ظرف زمانA time adverb is a naming word that pins a sentence to the moment its action happens. إِذَآ means 'when', fixing what follows to that moment: 'when darkness comes over them'. L16 · R7

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. أَظْلَمَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'it darkens', from the root ظلم: to do wrong or evil, to wrong, to treat unjustly, ill-treat, oppress, harm, suppress, tyrannise. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed. Its plain base shape — the shape Arabic uses for a single 'he' — carries no who-ending glued to its tail, and أَظْلَمَ is exactly that bare base: 'it darkens', from the root ظلم: to do wrong or evil, to wrong, to treat unjustly, ill-treat, oppress, harm, suppress, tyrannise. L8 · R1

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters — the way سَلِمَ 'was safe' becomes أَسْلَمَ 'submitted' — often giving the sense of making or causing the action. أَظْلَمَ carries that added hamza at its front: 'it darkens', from the root ظلم: to do wrong or evil, to wrong, to treat unjustly, ill-treat, oppress, harm, suppress, tyrannise. L12 · R5

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. عَلَيْ · 'on/upon' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. عَلَيْ · 'on/upon' is one of these relation-words — it is عَلَىٰ 'on' in the shape it takes when a suffix is fastened to its end. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'me / us / them' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. هِمْ · 'them/their' hangs on the little relation-word in عَلَيْهِمْ, governed by the word it is fastened to. L3 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. قَامُ speaks of an action already carried out: 'they stand (still)', from the root قوم: to stand, establish; people, nation; straightness, uprightness. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On قَامُوا۟ that ending is وا۟, telling exactly who is meant: 'they stand (still)', from the root قوم: to stand, establish; people, nation; straightness, uprightness. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of قَامُ is قوم: to stand, establish; people, nation; straightness, uprightness — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. وا۟ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — قَامُوا۟ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ on قَامُوا۟ is that doer, 'they'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix وَ · 'and' at the front of وَلَوْ opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1

Conditional Particle · أداة شرطA conditional particle sets up a two-part 'if…, then…' sentence. لَوْ means 'if / had', and it marks a case that did not in fact occur: 'had Allah willed' — implying He did not, in this instance. L16 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. شَآءَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'had willed', from the root شيا: to will, wish; thing. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed. Its plain base shape — the shape Arabic uses for a single 'he' — carries no who-ending glued to its tail, and شَآءَ is exactly that bare base: 'had willed', from the root شيا: to will, wish; thing. L8 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of شَآءَ is شيا: to will, wish; thing — and its middle letter is the weak ي, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) among its root letters. Built from the root شيا, شَآءَ carries that hamza written as ء at its end, keeping it among the hamzated kind. L24 · R11

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea — and in Arabic this includes proper names. ٱللَّهُ is a proper name: 'Allah'. L1 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes when it is the one doing the action, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. ٱللَّهُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ, marking Him as the One who wills. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, and it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, shown by a ḍammah ـُ above the last letter. ٱللَّهُ carries that ḍammah ـُ and is the One who wills. L9 · R2

Emphatic Lām & Nūn · لام التوكيد ونون التوكيدThe emphatic lām is a لَـ set at the front of a word to press down on the statement and say it is really so. The prefix لَ on لَذَهَبَ stresses the result of the 'if': He would surely have taken it away. L20 · R14

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. ذَهَبَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'He would certainly have taken away', from the root ذهب: to go, take away, remove; gold. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed. Its plain base shape — the shape Arabic uses for a single 'he' — carries no who-ending glued to its tail, and ذَهَبَ is exactly that bare base: 'He would certainly have taken away', from the root ذهب: to go, take away, remove; gold. L8 · R1

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِسَمْعِهِمْ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. سَمْعِ names such a thing: 'their hearing', from the root سمع: to hear. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. بِسَمْعِهِمْ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. سَمْعِ stands right after such a little word and carries exactly that kasrah ـِ on its own final letter — tucked inside بِسَمْعِهِمْ, just before the small piece fastened to the word's end. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'their' glued onto the end of a noun. The ending هِمْ on بِسَمْعِهِمْ stands for 'their', naming whose hearing it is. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains an owner onto the thing owned, and the owner carries the genitive — the owner's ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending هِمْ 'their' is that owner glued onto سَمْعِ; a pronoun like هِمْ keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its owner slot carries: 'their hearing'. L5 · R5

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَأَبْصَـٰرِهِمْ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. أَبْصَٰرِ names such a thing: 'and their sight', from the root بصر: to see, sight, vision, insight. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. وَأَبْصَـٰرِهِمْ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. أَبْصَٰرِ is a 'broken' plural — its inner shape reshaped from the singular — naming their many sights. L2 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. أَبْصَٰرِ ends in that kasrah ـِ, joined by وَ to 'their hearing' which the preposition بِ already pulled into the genitive: 'their hearing and their sight'. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'their' glued onto the end of a noun. The ending هِمْ on وَأَبْصَـٰرِهِمْ stands for 'their', naming whose sight it is. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains an owner onto the thing owned, and the owner carries the genitive — the owner's ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending هِمْ 'their' is that owner glued onto أَبْصَٰرِ; a pronoun like هِمْ keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its owner slot carries: 'their sight'. L5 · R5

Accusative Particle (إنّ) · حرف مشبه بالفعلإِنَّ means 'indeed' and carries the doubling shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped mark that doubles its ن. It sits at the front of a topic-plus-comment sentence and pushes its own topic into the accusative — the ending usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter — while the comment stays in the nominative, usually a ḍammah ـُ. L15 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea — and in Arabic this includes proper names. ٱللَّهَ is a proper name: 'Allah'. L1 · R6

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes as the topic of إِنَّ, usually shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. ٱللَّهَ ends in that fathah ـَ, pushed there by the إِنَّ before it: 'indeed Allah…'. L2 · R11

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. عَلَىٰ · 'on/upon' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. عَلَىٰ · 'on/upon' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. كُلِّ names such a thing: 'every', from the root كلل: entirely, totally, all, everyone, each one, whole. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. كُلِّ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. كُلِّ stands right after such a little word, so its final letter carries exactly that kasrah ـِ: كُلِّ. L2 · R12

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. شَىْءٍ names such a thing: 'thing', from the root شيا: to will, wish; thing. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. شَىْءٍۢ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. شَىْءٍ carries the tanwīn ـٍ — the kasrah ـِ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'thing'. L2 · R8

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ — or here the doubled tanwīn kasrah ـٍ, a small stroke below the last letter. شَىْءٍ carries that ـٍ, chained after كُلِّ: 'all of any thing' — that is, all things. L2 · R12

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two nouns into an 'of' phrase, and the second — the owner — takes the genitive ending, a kasrah ـِ. شَىْءٍ carries that kasrah (in its tanwīn ـٍ), chained after كُلِّ 'all': 'all things'. L5 · R5

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. قَدِيرٌ names such a thing: 'All-Powerful', from the root قدر: to measure, decree, ordain; to have power over. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. قَدِيرٌۭ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is a naming word left general — not pinned to one known thing by the definite article ال ('the') — and it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. قَدِيرٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ — the ḍammah ـُ doubled: 'All-Powerful'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending the comment after إِنَّ takes, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — or here the doubled tanwīn ḍammah ـٌ, a small curl above the last letter. قَدِيرٌ carries that ـٌ, staying nominative as the comment about 'Allah': He is competent over all things. L2 · R10