Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. مَّرَضٌ names such a thing: '(is) a disease', from the root مرض: sickness, to be ill, disease. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. مَّرَضٌۭ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. مَّرَضٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ — the ḍammah ـُ doubled — marking it as unspecified: '(is) a disease'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes when it is the main topic, and its indefinite form is the tanwīn ḍammah ـٌ. مَّرَضٌ ends in that ـٌ, marking it as the topic — the disease that is 'in their hearts'. L2 · R10

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the noun the sentence talks about — its topic — and it stands in the nominative, the 'topic form' usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl written above the final letter, doubled to the tanwīn ـٌ when the word is indefinite. Here 'in their hearts' comes first and مَّرَضٌ 'a disease' is the topic that follows — 'in their hearts is a disease' — carrying its nominative ـٌ. L6 · R2

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix فَ · 'then' at the front of فَزَادَهُمُ opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. زَادَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'so has increased them', from the root زيد: to increase, to add. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed. Its plain base shape — the shape Arabic uses for a single 'he' — carries no who-ending glued to its tail, and زَادَ is exactly that bare base: 'so has increased them', from the root زيد: to increase, to add. L8 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of زَادَ is زيد: to increase, to add — and its middle letter is the weak ي, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'me / us / them' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. هُمُ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — فَزَادَهُمُ — naming the one the action lands on. L3 · R6

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, so it stands in the accusative — the 'landed-on form', usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the final letter. The suffix هُمُ 'them' is that object here — 'Allah increased them' (in disease); on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no fathah appears, but the role it fills is the accusative one. L9 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea — and in Arabic this includes proper names. ٱللَّهُ is a proper name: 'Allah'. L1 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes when it is the one doing the action, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the final letter. ٱللَّهُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ, marking it as the doer of the increasing. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action in a verb-first sentence, in the nominative ending. The verb زَادَ 'increased' came first; ٱللَّهُ is the one who does it — 'Allah has increased'. L9 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. مَرَضًا names such a thing: '(in) disease', from the root مرض: sickness, to be ill, disease. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. مَرَضًۭا carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. مَرَضًا carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: '(in) disease'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, marked by a fathah ـَ, doubled to the tanwīn ـً when indefinite. مَرَضًا carries that tanwīn ـً, as the thing added by the increasing: Allah increased them 'in disease'. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, so it stands in the accusative — the 'landed-on form', usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the final letter, doubled to the tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. مَرَضًا is what the increasing adds — the disease itself — carrying the tanwīn fathah ـً of that role. L9 · R3

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix وَ · 'and' at the front of وَلَهُمْ opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix لَ at the front of وَلَهُمْ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'to/for' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'they', 'you', 'I', and the like. هُمْ is 'them' here, joined after the preposition لَ to say 'for them'. L3 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. عَذَابٌ names such a thing: '(is) a punishment', from the root عذب: to punish, torture; punishment, torment. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. عَذَابٌ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. عَذَابٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ — the ḍammah ـُ doubled — marking it as unspecified: '(is) a punishment'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes when it is the main topic, in its indefinite form the tanwīn ḍammah ـٌ. عَذَابٌ ends in that ـٌ, marking it as the topic — the punishment that is 'for them'. L2 · R10

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the noun the sentence talks about — its topic — and it stands in the nominative, the 'topic form' usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl written above the final letter, doubled to the tanwīn ـٌ when the word is indefinite. Here 'for them' comes first and عَذَابٌ 'a punishment' is the topic that follows — 'for them is a punishment' — carrying its nominative ـٌ. L6 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. أَلِيمٌۢ names such a thing: 'painful', from the root الم: pain, anguish, to hurt. L1 · R6

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is a naming word left general — not pinned to one known thing by the definite article ال ('the') — and it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. أَلِيمٌۢ carries the tanwīn ـٌ — the ḍammah ـُ doubled: 'painful'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is shown by a ḍammah, in its doubled indefinite form the tanwīn ـٌ. أَلِيمٌ ends in that ـٌ, copying the ending of عَذَابٌ, the word it describes. L2 · R10

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that comes after its noun and matches it in gender, number, ending, and 'the'-ness. أَلِيمٌ follows عَذَابٌ and matches it — both masculine, both indefinite with the tanwīn ـٌ — describing the punishment as painful. L7 · R1

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِمَا is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a whole describing sentence onto its meaning. مَا · 'because' is the relative word Arabic uses for non-human things — 'what' or 'that which' — one fixed shape for any gender and any number: its ending never changes to show its job in the sentence. L5 · R13

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. كَانُ speaks of an action already carried out: 'they used to', from the root كون: to be, exist, happen. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On كَانُوا۟ that ending is وا۟, telling exactly who is meant: 'they used to', from the root كون: to be, exist, happen. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of كَانُ is كون: to be, exist, happen — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Kāna Verb · كان وأخواتهاكَانَ is an incomplete verb: it needs both a topic and a comment to finish its meaning, and it keeps that topic in the nominative — the 'topic form', usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the final letter. Its topic here is the وا۟ 'they' — a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one — and the comment is the verb that follows: 'they used to lie'. L18 · R1

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto another word. The وا۟ ending on كَانُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'they' — the topic of كَانَ, kept in the nominative, the 'topic form' usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the final letter; the pronoun itself keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L3 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَكْذِبُ is an action unfolding now: '[they] lie', from the root كذب: to deny, reject; to lie, falsehood. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَكْذِبُ opens with exactly such a letter: '[they] lie', from the root كذب: to deny, reject; to lie, falsehood. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. يَكْذِبُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — يَكْذِبُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the 'subject form', usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl written above the final letter. The ونَ ending on يَكْذِبُونَ is that doer, 'they' — the ones who used to lie; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4