Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. مَّرَض names a thing — 'a disease, sickness' — from the root مرض, to be ill. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. مَّرَض carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' something — no particular one — and usually shows this with the doubled end-mark tanwīn. مَّرَضٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ, the double ḍammah that adds an 'un' sound at the end, so it means 'a disease'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes when it is the main topic, and its indefinite form is the tanwīn ḍammah ـٌ. مَّرَضٌ ends in that ـٌ, marking it as the topic — the disease that is 'in their hearts'. L2 · R10

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the noun the sentence talks about — its topic — and it stands in the nominative, the 'topic form' usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl written above the final letter, doubled to the tanwīn ـٌ when the word is indefinite. Here 'in their hearts' comes first and مَّرَضٌ 'a disease' is the topic that follows — 'in their hearts is a disease' — carrying its nominative ـٌ. L6 · R2

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive فَ begins a fresh statement rather than a plain 'and then'. Here it opens the next stroke — that Allah increased their disease — after naming the disease itself. L14 · R1

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. زَادَ names an action — increasing, adding — from the root زيد, to increase and add. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes an action already completed; its plain base, with no suffix, is 'he' did it. زَادَ is that bare base: 'he increased', that is, Allah increased. L8 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has a و or ي among its root letters that can turn into a long 'ā' sound. From the root زيد, the middle ي softens into the long ā of زَادَ, hiding the root letter. L24 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto another word. The ending هُمُ on فَزَادَهُمُ is such a suffix, standing for 'them' — the ones whose disease was increased. L3 · R7

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, so it stands in the accusative — the 'landed-on form', usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the final letter. The suffix هُمُ 'them' is that object here — 'Allah increased them' (in disease); on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no fathah appears, but the role it fills is the accusative one. L9 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun names a person, place, thing, or idea — including proper names. ٱللَّهُ is the proper name of Allah, the One who does the increasing. L1 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes when it is the one doing the action, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the final letter. ٱللَّهُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ, marking it as the doer of the increasing. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action in a verb-first sentence, in the nominative ending. The verb زَادَ 'increased' came first; ٱللَّهُ is the one who does it — 'Allah has increased'. L9 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. مَرَض names a thing — 'disease, sickness' — from the root مرض, to be ill. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. مَرَض carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'some' something — no particular one — and usually shows this with the doubled end-mark tanwīn. مَرَضًا carries the tanwīn ـً, the double fathah that adds an 'an' sound at the end. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, marked by a fathah ـَ, doubled to the tanwīn ـً when indefinite. مَرَضًا carries that tanwīn ـً, as the thing added by the increasing: Allah increased them 'in disease'. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, so it stands in the accusative — the 'landed-on form', usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the final letter, doubled to the tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. مَرَضًا is what the increasing adds — the disease itself — carrying the tanwīn fathah ـً of that role. L9 · R3

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive وَ begins a fresh statement rather than adding a plain item. Here it opens a new statement — about the punishment awaiting them. L14 · R1

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another. The prefix لَ means 'for'; joined to هُمْ 'them' it gives 'for them' — the ones for whom the punishment is set. L4 · R2

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'they', 'you', 'I', and the like. هُمْ is 'them' here, joined after the preposition لَ to say 'for them'. L3 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. عَذَاب names a thing — 'punishment, torment' — from the root عذب, to punish and torment. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. عَذَاب carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' something — no particular one — shown by the doubled end-mark tanwīn. عَذَابٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ, the double ḍammah that adds an 'un' sound at the end, so it means 'a punishment'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes when it is the main topic, in its indefinite form the tanwīn ḍammah ـٌ. عَذَابٌ ends in that ـٌ, marking it as the topic — the punishment that is 'for them'. L2 · R10

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the noun the sentence talks about — its topic — and it stands in the nominative, the 'topic form' usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl written above the final letter, doubled to the tanwīn ـٌ when the word is indefinite. Here 'for them' comes first and عَذَابٌ 'a punishment' is the topic that follows — 'for them is a punishment' — carrying its nominative ـٌ. L6 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun here is a describing word — Arabic counts describing words among its naming words. أَلِيم means 'painful', from the root الم, pain and anguish. L1 · R6

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is general, not a particular one, shown by the doubled end-mark tanwīn. أَلِيمٌ carries the tanwīn ـٌ, matching the indefinite word it describes: 'a painful punishment'. L2 · R8

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is shown by a ḍammah, in its doubled indefinite form the tanwīn ـٌ. أَلِيمٌ ends in that ـٌ, copying the ending of عَذَابٌ, the word it describes. L2 · R10

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that comes after its noun and matches it in gender, number, ending, and 'the'-ness. أَلِيمٌ follows عَذَابٌ and matches it — both masculine, both indefinite with the tanwīn ـٌ — describing the punishment as painful. L7 · R1

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another and pulls the noun after it into the genitive — the after-a-preposition ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the final letter. The prefix بِ means 'by' or 'because of', tying the punishment to its cause: 'because they used to lie'. L4 · R1

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun hooks a describing sentence onto its meaning. مَا means 'what' — here 'because of what they used to do' — and the sentence after it names that: their lying. L5 · R13

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. كَانُ names being — 'used to be, kept on' — from the root كون, to be and exist. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb shows who did the action by an ending on the base. With وا۟ 'they' added, كَانُوا۟ means 'they were / they used to' — pointing to a settled, habitual past. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has a و or ي among its root letters that can turn into a long 'ā' sound or vanish. From the root كون, the middle و surfaces as the long ā of كَانُوا۟, hiding the root letter. L24 · R4

Kāna Verb · كان وأخواتهاكَانَ is an incomplete verb: it needs both a topic and a comment to finish its meaning, and it keeps that topic in the nominative — the 'topic form', usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the final letter. Its topic here is the وا۟ 'they' — a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one — and the comment is the verb that follows: 'they used to lie'. L18 · R1

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto another word. The وا۟ ending on كَانُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'they' — the topic of كَانَ, kept in the nominative, the 'topic form' usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the final letter; the pronoun itself keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L3 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَكْذِبُونَ names an action — lying — from the root كذب, to lie and deny. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb describes ongoing action and opens with one of the four prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَكْذِبُونَ opens with يَ; paired with كَانُوا۟ before it, it gives a habitual past: 'they used to lie'. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present shapes ending in نَ, one being يَفْعَلُونَ 'they do'. يَكْذِبُونَ has that ونَ ending marking 'they', and its kept نَ shows it stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto another word. The ونَ ending on يَكْذِبُونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'they' — the ones who lie. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the 'subject form', usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl written above the final letter. The ونَ ending on يَكْذِبُونَ is that doer, 'they' — the ones who used to lie; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4