And those who disbelieve and deny Our signs - those will be companions of the Fire; they will abide therein eternally."
Sahih International
Grammar, phrase by phrase
وَٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ وَكَذَّبُوا۟ بِـَٔايَـٰتِنَآ
(And those who disbelieve and deny Our signs -)
Root كفر — to disbelieve, reject faith; disbelief, ingratitude · 525 times in the Quran
Root كذب — to deny, reject; to lie, falsehood · 282 times in the Quran
Root ايي — sign, verse, miracle · 382 times in the Quran
وَٱلَّذِينَword 1
Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix وَ · 'and' at the front of وَٱلَّذِينَ opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1
Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word like 'who' or 'which' that hooks a whole describing sentence onto whoever or whatever it points to. ٱلَّذِينَ · 'And those' is the masculine plural form — 'those who' — used when it points to a group of people. Its shape is fixed: this word never changes its ending to show its job in the sentence. L5 · R13
Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a statement opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic form usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. A relative pronoun like ٱلَّذِينَ can serve as this topic; its written shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one — 'those are the companions of the Fire' is what is said about them. L6 · R2
كَفَرُوا۟word 2
Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. كَفَرُ speaks of an action already carried out: 'who disbelieve[d]', from the root كفر: to disbelieve, reject faith; disbelief, ingratitude. L1 · R7
Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On كَفَرُوا۟ that ending is وا۟, telling exactly who is meant: 'who disbelieve[d]', from the root كفر: to disbelieve, reject faith; disbelief, ingratitude. L8 · R2
Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. وا۟ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — كَفَرُوا۟ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6
Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ on كَفَرُوا۟ is that doer, 'they'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4
وَكَذَّبُوا۟word 3
Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَكَذَّبُوا۟ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4
Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. كَذَّبُ speaks of an action already carried out: 'and deny', from the root كذب: to deny, reject; to lie, falsehood. L1 · R7
Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On وَكَذَّبُوا۟ that ending is وا۟, telling exactly who is meant: 'and deny', from the root كذب: to deny, reject; to lie, falsehood. L8 · R2
Form II Verb · فَعَّلَA Form II verb is identified by the shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped doubling mark — on its middle root letter. كَذَّبُوا۟ carries that shaddah on the ذَّ, the middle letter of its root كذب: not merely lying, but declaring something a lie — denying it outright. L12 · R1
Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. وا۟ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — وَكَذَّبُوا۟ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6
Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ on كَذَّبُوا۟ is that doer, 'they'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4
بِـَٔايَـٰتِنَآword 4
Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِـَٔايَـٰتِنَآ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1
Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a person, thing, or idea. ـَٔايَٰتِ names signs, from the root ايي — sign, verse, miracle. L1 · R6
Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. ـَٔايَٰتِ closes with the sound feminine plural ending ـَات — the ending Arabic adds to name three or more of something feminine — and that plural ending marks the word as feminine: 'Our Signs'. L2 · R6
Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. The sound feminine plural — the plural of a feminine naming word — adds the ending ـَات, and ـَٔايَٰتِ carries that ending: many signs. L2 · R6
Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. ـَٔايَٰتِ stands right after such a little word and carries exactly that kasrah ـِ on its own final letter — tucked inside بِـَٔايَـٰتِنَآ, just before the small piece fastened to the word's end. L2 · R12
Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'our' glued onto the end of another word. The ending نَآ on بِـَٔايَٰتِنَآ stands for 'Us': 'OUR signs'. L3 · R6
Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains an owner onto the thing owned, and the owner carries the genitive — the owner's ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending نَآ 'Us' is that owner glued onto ـَٔايَٰتِ: 'the signs of Us'. A pronoun keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its owner slot carries. L5 · R5
أُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ أَصْحَـٰبُ ٱلنَّارِ ۖ
(…those will be companions of the Fire;)
Root صحب — to accompany; companion, associate, dweller · 97 times in the Quran
Root نور — fire, light · 194 times in the Quran
أُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَword 5
Demonstrative Pronoun · اسم إشارةA pointing word singles out a specific thing or group, near or far. أُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ is the plural pointing word 'those', gathering up the deniers just described and pointing at them as a group. L3 · R8
Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a statement opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic form usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. A pointing word can serve as this topic, and أُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ 'those' opens its statement as what is spoken about — a pointing word keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one; 'companions of the Fire' tells us about them. L6 · R2
Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about a topic, and it can itself be a complete embedded sentence. The opening topic was ٱلَّذِينَ 'those who disbelieve and deny'; the whole statement that أُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ begins — 'those are the companions of the Fire' — is what is told about them. L6 · R6
أَصْحَـٰبُword 6
Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. أَصْحَٰبُ names such a thing: '(are the) companions', from the root صحب: to accompany; companion, associate, dweller. L1 · R6
Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. أَصْحَـٰبُ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3
Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more, made either by adding an ending or by reshaping the word from the inside — a 'broken' plural. أَصْحَٰبُ is such a broken plural: the word for one companion is reshaped from within into the many-companions pattern, with no plural ending added. L2 · R6
Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or the comment about a topic, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. أَصْحَٰبُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ. L2 · R10
Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, standing in the nominative in its own right — here the ḍammah ـُ, the small curl above its last letter. The topic was أُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ 'those'; أَصْحَٰبُ, carrying that ending, is what is said about them, with the 'is' understood: 'those ARE companions of the Fire'. L6 · R3
ٱلنَّارِ ۖword 7
Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, ن, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: ٱلنَّارِ. L2 · R9
Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. نَّارِ names such a thing: '(of) the Fire', from the root نور: fire, light. L1 · R6
Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. Most feminine nouns wear a visible marker — a ة at the end, a final ى, or اء — but نَّارِ shows none of these: it is one of the words Arabic simply knows as feminine, learned with the word itself: '(of) the Fire'. L2 · R2
Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, marked by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke written below the final letter. أَصْحَـٰبُ and ٱلنَّارِ form such a pair, '(are the) companions (of) the Fire', and as the owner-word of that pair, ٱلنَّارِ ends with exactly that kasrah ـِ. L2 · R12
Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهArabic says 'of' by chaining two nouns — two naming words — directly together: أَصْحَـٰبُ ٱلنَّارِ reads '(are the) companions — (of) the Fire'. The second word of such a chain, the owner, always takes the genitive — the after-'of' ending, shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter — and ٱلنَّارِ ends with exactly that kasrah ـِ. L5 · R5
هُمْ فِيهَا خَـٰلِدُونَ
(…they will abide therein eternally.")
Root خلد — to abide eternally, to remain forever, eternity · 87 times in the Quran
هُمْword 8
Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I/you/he/they'. هُمْ is the standalone word for 'they' — one of the twelve detached forms — naming the companions of the Fire. L3 · R2
Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a statement opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic form usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. A pronoun can serve as this topic, and هُمْ 'they' opens this closing statement — a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one; 'abiding in it forever' is what is said about them. L6 · R2
فِيهَاword 9
Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. فِي · 'in' is such a helper. L1 · R9
Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. فِي · 'in' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2
Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'me / us / them' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. هَا · 'her/her' hangs on the little relation-word in فِيهَا, governed by the word it is fastened to. L3 · R6
خَـٰلِدُونَword 10
Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. خَٰلِدُونَ is such a naming word: '(will) abide forever', from the root خلد: to abide eternally, to remain forever, eternity. L1 · R6
Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. Even as a plural, خَـٰلِدُونَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is a masculine noun; its ending is the 'sound' plural ending Arabic reserves for masculine nouns. L2 · R3
Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more of something. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); خَـٰلِدُونَ closes with exactly such an ending: not one, but a whole group. L2 · R6
Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the standing a naming word takes as subject or the comment about a topic, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. For this kind of plural the nominative shows itself instead as the ending ـُونَ, which خَٰلِدُونَ carries. L2 · R6
Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, and it stands in the nominative in its own right — shown here by the plural's nominative ending ـُونَ. The topic was هُمْ 'they'; خَٰلِدُونَ is what is said about them, with the 'is' understood: 'they ARE abiders forever'. L6 · R3
Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root on the pattern فَاعِل to name the doer or holder of the action. خَٰلِد is built on that pattern from the root خلد (to abide eternally): ones who abide. L11 · R1
'But those who disbelieve and belie Our Ayat — such are the dwellers of the Fire. They shall abide therein forever' — meaning, they will remain in Hell for eternity and will not find a way out of it.
Ibn Kathir (abridged), on 2:39
So far: “And those who disbelieve and deny Our signs - those will be companions of the Fire; they will abide therein eternally."”