Demonstrative Pronoun · اسم إشارةA pointing word singles out a specific thing or group, near or far. أُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ is the plural pointing word 'those', gathering up the deniers just described and pointing at them as a group. L3 · R8

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a statement opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic form usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. A pointing word can serve as this topic, and أُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ 'those' opens its statement as what is spoken about — a pointing word keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one; 'companions of the Fire' tells us about them. L6 · R2

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about a topic, and it can itself be a complete embedded sentence. The opening topic was ٱلَّذِينَ 'those who disbelieve and deny'; the whole statement that أُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ begins — 'those are the companions of the Fire' — is what is told about them. L6 · R6

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a person, thing, or idea. أَصْحَٰبُ names companions — dwellers — from the root صحب, to accompany; companion, associate, dweller. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more, made either by adding an ending or by reshaping the word from the inside — a 'broken' plural. أَصْحَٰبُ is such a broken plural: the word for one companion is reshaped from within into the many-companions pattern, with no plural ending added. L2 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes as the subject or the comment about a topic, shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. أَصْحَٰبُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ. L2 · R10

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, standing in the nominative in its own right — here the ḍammah ـُ, the small curl above its last letter. The topic was أُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ 'those'; أَصْحَٰبُ, carrying that ending, is what is said about them, with the 'is' understood: 'those ARE companions of the Fire'. L6 · R3

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل ('the') fixed to the front of a naming word. Here the ن is one of the fourteen 'solar' letters — letters made near where the ل itself is made, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — so the ن doubles, shown by the shaddah ـّ, the small w-shaped doubling mark above it. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts the prefix ٱل ('the') is a noun — a naming word. This word carries that prefix and names the Fire, from the root نور — fire, light. L1 · R1

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she'. نَار 'fire' is one of the special words counted feminine without any visible marker — it must simply be known — so it is treated as feminine. L2 · R2

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. ٱلنَّارِ carries that kasrah ـِ as the second word of 'companions OF the Fire'. L2 · R12

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the second — the owner — is always in the genitive, shown by the kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. ٱلنَّارِ, carrying that kasrah, is the owner-half of أَصْحَٰبُ ٱلنَّارِ: 'companions of the Fire'. L5 · R5

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I/you/he/they'. هُمْ is the standalone word for 'they' — one of the twelve detached forms — naming the companions of the Fire. L3 · R2

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a statement opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, the topic form usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. A pronoun can serve as this topic, and هُمْ 'they' opens this closing statement — a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one; 'abiding in it forever' is what is said about them. L6 · R2

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. فِي is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. فِي means 'in': 'in it'. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; glued to a particle, it is governed by that particle. The ending هَا on فِيهَا stands for 'it' — the Fire, a 'she'-word in Arabic. L3 · R6

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a person, thing, idea, or quality — without saying when an action happens. خَٰلِدُونَ names those who remain — 'abiders forever' — from the root خلد, to abide eternally, to remain forever. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); خَٰلِدُونَ ends in exactly that ـُونَ: the many who abide. L2 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the standing a naming word takes as subject or the comment about a topic, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. For this kind of plural the nominative shows itself instead as the ending ـُونَ, which خَٰلِدُونَ carries. L2 · R10

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, and it stands in the nominative in its own right — shown here by the plural's nominative ending ـُونَ. The topic was هُمْ 'they'; خَٰلِدُونَ is what is said about them, with the 'is' understood: 'they ARE abiders forever'. L6 · R3

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root on the pattern فَاعِل to name the doer or holder of the action. خَٰلِد is built on that pattern from the root خلد (to abide eternally): ones who abide. L11 · R1