Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يُؤْمِنُ is an action unfolding now: 'believe', from the root امن: to believe, faith, security, trust. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يُؤْمِنُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'believe', from the root امن: to believe, faith, security, trust. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. يُؤْمِنُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) as one of its root letters, which shifts its written seat (أ/ؤ/ئ) and can disguise the root. From the root امن, the hamza surfaces here as the ؤ in يُؤْمِنُونَ. L24 · R11

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters; in the present tense this form announces itself instead by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the letter — sitting on the verb's opening prefix letter. يُؤْمِنُ carries exactly that ḍammah ـُ on its opening letter: 'believe', from the root امن: to believe, faith, security, trust. L12 · R7

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — يُؤْمِنُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one doing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the 'subject form', usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl written above the final letter. The ونَ ending on يُؤْمِنُونَ is that doer, 'they' — the ones performing the believing; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِٱلْغَيْبِ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the naming word after it into the genitive, the ending marked by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke written below the letter — and بِٱلْغَيْبِ ends with exactly that kasrah ـِ. L4 · R1

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): بِٱلْغَيْبِ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. غَيْبِ names such a thing: 'in the unseen', from the root غيب: the unseen, hidden from perception. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. بِٱلْغَيْبِ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. غَيْبِ stands right after such a little word, so its final letter carries exactly that kasrah ـِ: بِٱلْغَيْبِ. L2 · R12

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَيُقِيمُونَ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يُقِيمُ is an action unfolding now: 'and establish', from the root قوم: to stand, establish; people, nation; straightness, uprightness. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يُقِيمُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'and establish', from the root قوم: to stand, establish; people, nation; straightness, uprightness. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. وَيُقِيمُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of يُقِيمُ is قوم: to stand, establish; people, nation; straightness, uprightness — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters; in the present tense this form announces itself instead by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the letter — sitting on the verb's opening prefix letter. يُقِيمُ carries exactly that ḍammah ـُ on its opening letter: 'and establish', from the root قوم: to stand, establish; people, nation; straightness, uprightness. L12 · R7

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — وَيُقِيمُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the 'subject form', usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl written above the final letter. The ونَ ending on يُقِيمُونَ is that doer, 'they' — the ones establishing the prayer; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, ص, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts the prefix ٱل ('the') is a noun — a naming word. This word carries that prefix and names a thing, 'the prayer', from the root صلو, praying and blessing. L1 · R1

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she', most often marked by a ة — the round 'tied tā' — at its end. صَّلَوٰةَ carries exactly that round ة at its end, so it is treated as feminine: 'the prayer'. L2 · R1

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, marked by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the final letter. ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ ends in that fathah ـَ, because the establishing falls upon it: it is what is established. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the person or thing the action lands on, and it takes the accusative ending. ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ is what the establishing acts upon — 'they establish the prayer' — carrying the fathah ـَ of that role. L9 · R3

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix وَ · 'and' at the front of وَمِمَّا opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مِ · 'from/of' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. مِ · 'from/of' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a whole describing sentence onto its meaning. مَّا · 'and out of what' is the relative word Arabic uses for non-human things — 'what' or 'that which' — one fixed shape for any gender and any number: its ending never changes to show its job in the sentence. L5 · R13

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. رَزَقْ speaks of an action already carried out: 'We have provided them', from the root رزق: to provide, necessaries of life, good, grant, bestow. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed — and it shows who by a small ending fastened to the verb's tail. On رَزَقْنَـٰهُمْ that ending is نَٰ, telling exactly who is meant: 'We have provided them', from the root رزق: to provide, necessaries of life, good, grant, bestow. L8 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. نَٰ · 'us/our' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — رَزَقْنَـٰهُمْ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the 'subject form', usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl written above the final letter. The suffix نَٰ 'we' is that doer here — the One providing — 'We have provided'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, so it stands in the accusative — the 'landed-on form', usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the final letter. The suffix هُمْ 'them' is that object — the ones provided for — 'We have provided them'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no fathah appears, but the role it fills is the accusative one. L9 · R9

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يُنفِقُ is an action unfolding now: 'they spend', from the root نفق: to spend, to be hypocritical; tunnel, passage. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يُنفِقُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'they spend', from the root نفق: to spend, to be hypocritical; tunnel, passage. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. يُنفِقُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters; in the present tense this form announces itself instead by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the letter — sitting on the verb's opening prefix letter. يُنفِقُ carries exactly that ḍammah ـُ on its opening letter: 'they spend', from the root نفق: to spend, to be hypocritical; tunnel, passage. L12 · R7

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — يُنفِقُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the 'subject form', usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl written above the final letter. The ونَ ending on يُنفِقُونَ is that doer, 'they' — the ones who spend; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4