Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix وَ · 'and' at the front of وَلَن opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. لَن · 'will not' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle is a word meaning 'not'. لَن 'will never' negates the future, and cuts the verb after it into the subjunctive — the mood shown here by a dropped final نَ: 'you will never do it'. L4 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. تَفْعَلُ is an action unfolding now: 'will you do', from the root فعل: doing. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb is the verb shape that opens with one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت; small helper words before it can bend its time and mood. تَفْعَلُ wears that present-tense shape, opening with exactly such a letter: 'will you do', from the root فعل: doing. L8 · R3

Subjunctive Mood · الفعل المنصوبThe subjunctive mood is the present form a verb takes after a particle like لَن 'never will'; for this kind of plural verb its sign is the dropping of the final نَ. تَفْعَلُوا۟ has lost that final نَ — the plain form would be تَفْعَلُونَ — showing لَن before it: 'you will never do it'. L10 · R9

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. تَفْعَلُوا۟ is one of them, but here its closing ن has dropped away — and for these five shapes that dropped ن is itself the grammar-sign: it marks the subjunctive mood, the bent form a governing word before it forces on the verb. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. وا۟ · 'you all/your' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — تَفْعَلُوا۟ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ on تَفْعَلُوا۟ is that doer, 'you all'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Result Particle · فاء الجوابThe result particle is a فَ that introduces the 'then' half of an 'if…, then…' pair, marking what follows from the condition. The prefix فَ here begins the answer to 'if you do not': 'then fear the Fire'. L14 · R2

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. ٱتَّقُ is a command: 'then fear', from the root وقي: to fear Allah, guard against evil, consciousness of Allah, piety. L1 · R7

Imperative Verb · فعل أمرAn imperative verb is a command telling 'you' to do something. ٱتَّقُ is such a command spoken to a group, 'fear!' — the ending وا۟ points the order at 'you all'. L10 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of ٱتَّقُ is وقي: to fear Allah, guard against evil, consciousness of Allah, piety — and not one but two of its letters are weak, و and ي: a doubly-weak root. L24 · R9

Form VIII Verb · اِفْتَعَلَA Form VIII verb tucks an extra تـ just after the first root letter. In ٱتَّقُ, from the root وقي, that inserted تـ has merged with the root to give the doubled تّ, marking it as Form VIII. L13 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. وا۟ · 'you all/your' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — فَٱتَّقُوا۟ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ on فَٱتَّقُوا۟ is that doer, 'you all'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, ن, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: ٱلنَّارَ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. نَّارَ names such a thing: 'the Fire', from the root نور: fire, light. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. Most feminine nouns wear a visible marker — a ة at the end, a final ى, or اء — but نَّارَ shows none of these: it is one of the words Arabic simply knows as feminine, learned with the word itself: 'the Fire'. L2 · R2

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. ٱلنَّارَ ends in that fathah ـَ, marking the Fire as what they are told to fear. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, in the accusative — the fathah ـَ, a stroke above the last letter. ٱلنَّارَ carries that fathah ـَ and is what they are commanded to fear — the Fire. L9 · R3

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word like 'who' or 'which' that hooks a whole describing sentence onto whoever or whatever it points to. ٱلَّتِى · 'whose' is the feminine singular form — used when it points to one person or thing Arabic treats as 'she'. Its shape is fixed: this word never changes its ending to show its job in the sentence. L5 · R13

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that follows its noun and matches it. ٱلَّتِى 'whose…' comes after 'the Fire' and describes it: the Fire whose fuel is people and stones. L7 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. وَقُودُ names such a thing: '[its] fuel', from the root وقد: to kindle, ignite; fuel. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. وَقُودُهَا carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes when it is the topic the statement talks about, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. وَقُودُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ, marking 'its fuel' as the topic within the description. L2 · R10

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a statement opens by talking about — its topic — standing in the nominative, shown by a ḍammah ـُ above the last letter. وَقُودُ carries that ḍammah ـُ and is the topic; what follows, 'is people and stones', is said about it. L6 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'its' glued onto the end of a noun. The ending هَا on وَقُودُهَا stands for 'its', pointing back to the Fire: 'its fuel'. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains an owner onto the thing owned, and the owner carries the genitive — the owner's ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending هَا 'its' is that owner glued onto وَقُودُ; a pronoun like هَا keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its owner slot carries: 'its fuel'. L5 · R5

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, ن, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: ٱلنَّاسُ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. نَّاسُ names such a thing: '(is) [the] men', from the root نوس: men, people. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. ٱلنَّاسُ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. ٱلنَّاسُ names not one person but the whole body of people. L2 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes when it completes what is said about the topic, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. ٱلنَّاسُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ, as the comment about 'its fuel': its fuel is people. L2 · R10

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, standing in the nominative, shown by a ḍammah ـُ above the last letter. The topic was وَقُودُهَا 'its fuel'; ٱلنَّاسُ, carrying that ḍammah ـُ, is what is said about it — people. L6 · R3

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَٱلْحِجَارَةُ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): وَٱلْحِجَارَةُ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts the prefix ٱلْ ('the') is a noun — a naming word. This word carries that prefix and names things, 'the stones', from the root حجر, stone. L1 · R1

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she', most often marked by a ة — the round 'tied tā' — at its end. حِجَارَةُ carries exactly that round ة at its end, so it is treated as feminine: 'and [the] stones'. L2 · R1

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. ٱلْحِجَارَةُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ, matching the case of 'people' it is joined to: its fuel is people and stones. L2 · R10

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. أُعِدَّتْ speaks of an action already carried out: 'prepared', from the root عدد: number, counting. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes a completed action, marked by a small ending glued to the verb's tail. On أُعِدَّتْ that ending is the تْ resting with a sukūn ـْ, the 'she' marker agreeing with the Fire (a feminine noun) — not a doer but the one the action was done to, since this verb is passive: 'it was prepared'. The أُ at its front is not a tense marker; it belongs to the verb's Form IV pattern. L8 · R2

Doubled Verb · فعل مضاعفA doubled verb has the same letter as its second and third root letters, written once with a shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped mark that doubles it. From the root عدد, the two د's fold together into the shaddah ـّ on أُعِدَّتْ. L24 · R10

Passive Voice · المبني للمجهولA passive voice verb hides who did the action by reshaping its inner vowels: it opens with a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the first letter — as أُعِدَّتْ does, giving 'it was prepared' without naming who prepared it. L11 · R4

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters — the way سَلِمَ 'was safe' becomes أَسْلَمَ 'submitted' — often giving the sense of making or causing the action. أُعِدَّتْ carries that added hamza at its front: 'prepared', from the root عدد: number, counting. L12 · R5

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix لِ at the front of لِلْكَـٰفِرِينَ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'to/for' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): لِلْكَـٰفِرِينَ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. كَٰفِرِينَ is such a naming word: 'for the disbelievers', from the root كفر: to disbelieve, reject faith; disbelief, ingratitude. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. Even as a plural, لِلْكَـٰفِرِينَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is a masculine noun; its ending is the 'sound' plural ending Arabic reserves for masculine nouns. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more of something. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); لِلْكَـٰفِرِينَ closes with exactly such an ending: not one, but a whole group. L2 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the 'after-of / after-preposition' family of endings a noun — a naming word — can wear; on most nouns it is shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the final letter. The sound masculine plural carries its role in its ending — ـُونَ for the nominative (the 'subject form', with the ḍammah ـُ sound), ـِينَ for the accusative and genitive (the 'object' and 'of' forms); لِلْكَـٰفِرِينَ wears its genitive inside that shared plural ending. L2 · R7

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root to name the doer of the action. Built from the root كفر (to reject faith), كَٰفِرِينَ names the doers — those who disbelieve. L11 · R1