Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix كَ at the front of كَمَثَلِ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'like/as' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the naming word after it into the genitive, the ending marked by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke written below the letter — and كَمَثَلِ ends with exactly that kasrah ـِ. L4 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. مَثَلِ names such a thing: '(is) like (the) example', from the root مثل: to resemble, be like; example, likeness, similitude. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. كَمَثَلِ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. مَثَلِ stands right after such a little word, so its final letter carries exactly that kasrah ـِ: كَمَثَلِ. L2 · R12

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word like 'who' or 'which' that hooks a whole describing sentence onto whoever or whatever it points to. ٱلَّذِى · '(of) the one who' is the masculine singular form — used when it points to one person or thing Arabic treats as 'he'. Its shape is fixed: this word never changes its ending to show its job in the sentence. L5 · R13

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهArabic says 'of' by chaining two naming words directly together: كَمَثَلِ ٱلَّذِى reads '(is) like (the) example — (of) the one who'. ٱلَّذِى fills the owner slot — the second position of the chain, the position that carries the genitive, the after-'of' ending usually shown by a kasrah ـِ (a small slanted stroke below the letter) — though this word is one of the fixed-shape words whose ending never changes to show it. L5 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. ٱسْتَوْقَدَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'kindled', from the root وقد: to kindle, ignite; fuel. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed. Its plain base shape — the shape Arabic uses for a single 'he' — carries no who-ending glued to its tail, and ٱسْتَوْقَدَ is exactly that bare base: 'kindled', from the root وقد: to kindle, ignite; fuel. L8 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of ٱسْتَوْقَدَ is وقد: to kindle, ignite; fuel — and its first letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits at the front of the root. L24 · R3

Form X Verb · اِسْتَفْعَلَA Form X verb carries the added block اِسْتَـ at its front. ٱسْتَوْقَدَ opens with that اِسْتَـ on the root وقد, marking it as Form X. L13 · R6

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. نَارًا names such a thing: 'a fire', from the root نور: fire, light. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. Most feminine nouns wear a visible marker — a ة at the end, a final ى, or اء — but نَارًا shows none of these: it is one of the words Arabic simply knows as feminine, learned with the word itself: 'a fire'. L2 · R2

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. نَارًا carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'a fire'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually shown by a fathah ـَ — or here the doubled tanwīn fathah ـً, a small stroke above the last letter. نَارًا carries that ـً, marking it as what was kindled. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, and it takes the accusative — the ending shown by a fathah ـَ, here the doubled ـً. نَارًا carries that ـً and is what he kindled — a fire. L9 · R3

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix فَ · 'then' at the front of فَلَمَّآ opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1

Time Adverb · ظرف زمانA time adverb is a naming word that pins a sentence to the moment its action happens. لَمَّآ means 'when', fixing what follows to that moment: 'when it illuminated what was around him'. L16 · R10

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. أَضَآءَتْ speaks of an action already carried out: 'it illuminated', from the root ضوا: light, to shine, radiance. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes a completed action, its doer named by a small ending glued to the verb's tail. On أَضَآءَتْ that ending is the تْ resting with a sukūn ـْ, the marker for a 'she' doer — the fire (a feminine noun): 'it illuminated'. The أَ at its front is not a present-tense marker letter; it belongs to the verb's Form IV pattern. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of أَضَآءَتْ is ضوا: light, to shine, radiance — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) among its root letters. Built from the root ضوا, أَضَآءَتْ carries that hamza written as ء near its end, keeping it among the hamzated kind. L24 · R11

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters — the way سَلِمَ 'was safe' becomes أَسْلَمَ 'submitted' — often giving the sense of making or causing the action. أَضَآءَتْ carries that added hamza at its front: 'it illuminated', from the root ضوا: light, to shine, radiance. L12 · R5

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a whole describing sentence onto its meaning. مَا · 'what' is the relative word Arabic uses for non-human things — 'what' or 'that which' — one fixed shape for any gender and any number: its ending never changes to show its job in the sentence. L5 · R13

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, and it takes the accusative — the ending usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter. مَا 'what' is what the light illuminated; being a fixed-shape word it shows no fathah, but the role it fills is that accusative one. L9 · R5

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending usually shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. حَوْلَ 'around' is a fixed word held in that accusative shape, ending in the fathah ـَ, telling where: around him. L2 · R11

Place Adverb · ظرف مكانA place adverb is a naming word frozen in the accusative ending — a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter — that tells where. حَوْلَ means 'around', and it chains to the 'him' after it: 'around him'. L26 · R1

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'his' glued onto the end of a word. The ending هُۥ on حَوْلَهُۥ stands for 'him/his', naming whose surroundings the light lit up. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains one word onto another, and the second word carries the genitive — the owner-slot ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending هُۥ 'him' is chained to حَوْلَ 'around'; a pronoun like هُۥ keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its slot carries: 'around him'. L5 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. ذَهَبَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'took away', from the root ذهب: to go, take away, remove; gold. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed. Its plain base shape — the shape Arabic uses for a single 'he' — carries no who-ending glued to its tail, and ذَهَبَ is exactly that bare base: 'took away', from the root ذهب: to go, take away, remove; gold. L8 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea — and in Arabic this includes proper names. ٱللَّهُ is a proper name: 'Allah'. L1 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes when it is the one doing the action, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. ٱللَّهُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ, marking Him as the doer of the taking away. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, and it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, shown by a ḍammah ـُ above the last letter. ٱللَّهُ carries that ḍammah ـُ and is the One who took away their light. L9 · R2

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِنُورِهِمْ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. نُورِ names such a thing: 'their light', from the root نور: fire, light. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. بِنُورِهِمْ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. نُورِ stands right after such a little word and carries exactly that kasrah ـِ on its own final letter — tucked inside بِنُورِهِمْ, just before the small piece fastened to the word's end. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'their' glued onto the end of a noun. The ending هِمْ on بِنُورِهِمْ stands for 'their', naming whose light was taken. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains an owner onto the thing owned, and the owner carries the genitive — the owner's ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending هِمْ 'their' is that owner glued onto نُورِ; a pronoun like هِمْ keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its owner slot carries: 'their light'. L5 · R5

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَتَرَكَهُمْ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. تَرَكَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'and left them', from the root ترك: to leave, omit, abandon, refrain, desist, give up. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed. Its plain base shape — the shape Arabic uses for a single 'he' — carries no who-ending glued to its tail, and تَرَكَ is exactly that bare base: 'and left them', from the root ترك: to leave, omit, abandon, refrain, desist, give up. L8 · R1

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'me / us / them' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. هُمْ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — وَتَرَكَهُمْ — naming the one the action lands on. L3 · R6

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the person the action lands on, and it takes the accusative — the ending usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter. The ending هُمْ on this verb is that object, 'them'; being a fixed-shape pronoun it shows no fathah, but the role it fills is that accusative one. L9 · R5

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. فِى · 'in' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. فِى · 'in' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a thing. ظُلُمَٰتٍ names a thing — darknesses — from the root ظلم, whose meaning is built on the idea of darkness and wrongdoing. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. ظُلُمَٰتٍ closes with the sound feminine plural ending ـَات — the ending Arabic adds to name three or more of something feminine — and that plural ending marks the word as feminine: 'darkness[es]'. L2 · R6

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. The sound feminine plural adds the ending ـَاتٍ. ظُلُمَٰتٍ ends in ـَاتٍ, so it names many darknesses layered together. L2 · R6

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. ظُلُمَٰتٍ carries the tanwīn ـٍ — the kasrah ـِ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'darkness[es]'. L2 · R8

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ — or here the doubled tanwīn kasrah ـٍ, a small stroke below the last letter. ظُلُمَٰتٍ carries that ـٍ because the preposition فِى 'in' stands before it: 'in darkness'. L2 · R12

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. لَّا · 'not/no' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle is a word meaning 'not'. لَّا negates the present-tense verb after it: 'they do not see'. L4 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يُبْصِرُ is an action unfolding now: '(do) they see', from the root بصر: to see, sight, vision, insight. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يُبْصِرُ opens with exactly such a letter: '(do) they see', from the root بصر: to see, sight, vision, insight. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. يُبْصِرُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters; in the present tense this form announces itself instead by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the letter — sitting on the verb's opening prefix letter. يُبْصِرُ carries exactly that ḍammah ـُ on its opening letter: '(do) they see', from the root بصر: to see, sight, vision, insight. L12 · R7

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — يُبْصِرُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ونَ ending on يُبْصِرُونَ is that doer, 'they'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4