Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the noun right after it into the genitive — the ending for a noun after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix كَ 'like/as' does that here: 'like the example of…'. L4 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a thing. مَثَلِ names a thing — an example, a likeness — from the root مثل, to resemble. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. مَثَلِ ends in that kasrah ـِ because the preposition كَ 'like' stands before it: 'like the example'. L2 · R12

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word like 'the one who' that hooks a whole describing sentence onto a specific one. ٱلَّذِى means 'the one who', and what follows — 'kindled a fire' — describes him. L5 · R13

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains one word onto the thing before it, and the second carries the genitive — the owner-slot ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. ٱلَّذِى 'the one who' is chained after مَثَلِ 'the example'; ٱلَّذِى is a fixed-shape word that never changes its ending, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its slot carries: 'the example of the one who…'. L5 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. ٱسْتَوْقَدَ names an action — kindling — from the root وقد, to kindle or ignite. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes a completed action, its base form (a single 'he' doer) carrying no ending glued to its tail. ٱسْتَوْقَدَ is that bare base, naming a completed kindling by a single 'he': 'he kindled'. The اِسْتَـ at its front is not a tense marker; it belongs to the verb's Form X pattern. L8 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has a و or ي among its root letters. From the root وقد, the weak و sits inside ٱسْتَوْقَدَ, marking it among the weak kind. L24 · R1

Form X Verb · اِسْتَفْعَلَA Form X verb carries the added block اِسْتَـ at its front. ٱسْتَوْقَدَ opens with that اِسْتَـ on the root وقد, marking it as Form X. L13 · R6

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a thing. نَارًا names a thing — a fire — from the root نور, fire and light. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she'. Some words are feminine without a visible marker and must be known as such; نَار 'fire' is one of these, treated as feminine. L2 · R2

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' something — no particular one — and shows this with the doubled end-vowel tanwīn. نَارًا carries the tanwīn ـً (a doubled fathah), marking it as 'a fire', not a known one. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually shown by a fathah ـَ — or here the doubled tanwīn fathah ـً, a small stroke above the last letter. نَارًا carries that ـً, marking it as what was kindled. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, and it takes the accusative — the ending shown by a fathah ـَ, here the doubled ـً. نَارًا carries that ـً and is what he kindled — a fire. L9 · R3

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or shift. The prefix فَ here opens the turn in the account: 'but when it illuminated…'. L14 · R1

Time Adverb · ظرف زمانA time adverb is a naming word that pins a sentence to the moment its action happens. لَمَّآ means 'when', fixing what follows to that moment: 'when it illuminated what was around him'. L16 · R10

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. أَضَآءَتْ names an action — illuminating — from the root ضوا, to shine or give light. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes a completed action, its doer named by a small ending glued to the verb's tail. On أَضَآءَتْ that ending is the تْ resting with a sukūn ـْ, the marker for a 'she' doer — the fire (a feminine noun): 'it illuminated'. The أَ at its front is not a present-tense marker letter; it belongs to the verb's Form IV pattern. L8 · R2

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has a و or ي among its root letters, which love to turn into a long 'ā'. From the root ضوا, the weak و has become the long 'ā' inside أَضَآءَتْ, hiding that root letter. L24 · R1

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) among its root letters. Built from the root ضوا, أَضَآءَتْ carries that hamza written as ء near its end, keeping it among the hamzated kind. L24 · R11

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb adds a hamza to the front of the root, often making the action reach outward. أَضَآءَتْ, from the root ضوا, carries that added hamza at its front: 'it cast light'. L12 · R5

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that stands for 'that which' or 'what'. مَا here means 'what', naming the surroundings the light fell upon: 'what was around him'. L5 · R13

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, and it takes the accusative — the ending usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter. مَا 'what' is what the light illuminated; being a fixed-shape word it shows no fathah, but the role it fills is that accusative one. L9 · R5

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending usually shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. حَوْلَ 'around' is a fixed word held in that accusative shape, ending in the fathah ـَ, telling where: around him. L2 · R11

Place Adverb · ظرف مكانA place adverb is a naming word frozen in the accusative ending — a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter — that tells where. حَوْلَ means 'around', and it chains to the 'him' after it: 'around him'. L26 · R1

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'his' glued onto the end of a word. The ending هُۥ on حَوْلَهُۥ stands for 'him/his', naming whose surroundings the light lit up. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains one word onto another, and the second word carries the genitive — the owner-slot ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending هُۥ 'him' is chained to حَوْلَ 'around'; a pronoun like هُۥ keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its slot carries: 'around him'. L5 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. ذَهَبَ names an action — taking away, removing — from the root ذهب, to go or take away. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes a completed action, its base form (a single 'he' doer) carrying no prefix. ذَهَبَ names a completed act by a single 'he': 'He took away'. L8 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a person, place, or being. ٱللَّهُ is the proper name of God, from the root اله, god. L1 · R6

Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes when it is the one doing the action, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. ٱللَّهُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ, marking Him as the doer of the taking away. L2 · R10

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, and it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, shown by a ḍammah ـُ above the last letter. ٱللَّهُ carries that ḍammah ـُ and is the One who took away their light. L9 · R2

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the noun right after it into the genitive — the ending for a noun after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix بِ here joins to 'took away' to mean 'took away their light'. L4 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a thing. نُورِ names a thing — light — from the root نور, fire and light. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. نُورِ ends in that kasrah ـِ because the preposition بِ stands before it: 'their light'. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'their' glued onto the end of a noun. The ending هِمْ on بِنُورِهِمْ stands for 'their', naming whose light was taken. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains an owner onto the thing owned, and the owner carries the genitive — the owner's ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending هِمْ 'their' is that owner glued onto نُورِ; a pronoun like هِمْ keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its owner slot carries: 'their light'. L5 · R5

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word like 'and' that ties one part of speech to another. The prefix وَ here joins this action to the taking-away before it: 'and left them'. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. تَرَكَ names an action — leaving — from the root ترك, to leave or abandon. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes a completed action, its base form (a single 'he' doer) carrying no prefix. تَرَكَ names a completed act by a single 'he': 'He left'. L8 · R1

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending هُمْ on وَتَرَكَهُمْ stands for 'them' — the ones left behind. L3 · R6

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the person the action lands on, and it takes the accusative — the ending usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter. The ending هُمْ on this verb is that object, 'them'; being a fixed-shape pronoun it shows no fathah, but the role it fills is that accusative one. L9 · R5

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. فِى is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the noun right after it into the genitive — the ending for a noun after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. فِى 'in' does that here: 'in darkness'. L4 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a thing. ظُلُمَٰتٍ names a thing — darknesses — from the root ظلم, whose meaning is built on the idea of darkness and wrongdoing. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she'. Its sound feminine plural ending ـَاتٍ marks this word as feminine: darknesses. L2 · R6

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. The sound feminine plural adds the ending ـَاتٍ. ظُلُمَٰتٍ ends in ـَاتٍ, so it names many darknesses layered together. L2 · R6

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' something — no particular one — and shows this with the doubled end-vowel tanwīn. ظُلُمَٰتٍ carries the tanwīn ـٍ (a doubled kasrah), marking it as unspecified darkness. L2 · R8

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ — or here the doubled tanwīn kasrah ـٍ, a small stroke below the last letter. ظُلُمَٰتٍ carries that ـٍ because the preposition فِى 'in' stands before it: 'in darkness'. L2 · R12

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. لَّا is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Negation Particle · حرف نفيA negation particle is a word meaning 'not'. لَّا negates the present-tense verb after it: 'they do not see'. L4 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يُبْصِرُونَ names an action — seeing — from the root بصر, to see or perceive. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb describes ongoing action and opens with one of the four prefixes أ ن ي ت. يُبْصِرُونَ opens with يُ; with لَّا before it, it means 'they do not see'. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present shapes ending in نَ, one being يَفْعَلُونَ 'they do'. يُبْصِرُونَ has that ونَ ending marking 'they', and its kept نَ shows it stands in its plain mood after the simple negation لَّا. L10 · R10

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb builds on a hamza added to the root, showing in the present as a ḍammah ـُ on the prefix. يُبْصِرُونَ carries that ḍammah ـُ on its يُ prefix, from the root بصر, marking it as Form IV: 'they see'. L12 · R7

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ونَ ending on يُبْصِرُونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'they' — the ones who cannot see. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ونَ ending on يُبْصِرُونَ is that doer, 'they'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4