[But] Allāh mocks them and prolongs them in their transgression [while] they wander blindly.
Sahih International
Grammar, phrase by phrase
ٱللَّهُ
(Allah)
Root اله — god · 2,851 times in the Quran
ٱللَّهُword 1
Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a person, place, thing, or being. ٱللَّهُ is the proper name of God, from the root اله, god. L1 · R6
Nominative · مرفوعThe nominative is the ending a naming word takes when it is the topic the sentence talks about, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter. ٱللَّهُ ends in that ḍammah ـُ, marking it as the topic: 'Allah…'. L2 · R10
Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the naming word a sentence opens by talking about — its topic — and it stands in the nominative, shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. ٱللَّهُ carries that ḍammah ـُ and is the topic; what follows — that He mocks them — is said about Him. L6 · R2
يَسْتَهْزِئُ بِهِمْ
(…mocks them)
Root هزا — to mock, ridicule, make mockery · 34 times in the Quran
يَسْتَهْزِئُword 2
Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَسْتَهْزِئُ names an action — mocking — from the root هزا, to mock or ridicule. L1 · R7
Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, and it can be a whole verb-sentence. The topic was ٱللَّهُ; يَسْتَهْزِئُ 'mocks' is the verb-sentence said about Him — Allah mocks them. L6 · R6
Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb describes ongoing action and opens with one of the four prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَسْتَهْزِئُ opens with يَ, marking a 'he' doer, and ends in a ḍammah ـُ — a small curl above the last letter, its plain form: 'He mocks'. L8 · R3
Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) among its root letters. Built from the root هزا, يَسْتَهْزِئُ carries that hamza written as ئ near its end, keeping it among the hamzated kind. L24 · R11
Form X Verb · اِسْتَفْعَلَA Form X verb carries the added block اِسْتَـ, seen in the present as ـسْتَـ after the prefix. يَسْتَهْزِئُ shows that ـسْتَـ block on the root هزا, marking it as Form X. L13 · R6
بِهِمْword 3
Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the noun right after it into the genitive — the ending for a noun after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix بِ 'at/with' does that here, and the 'them' after it sits in that genitive role: 'at them'. L4 · R1
Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هِمْ 'them'. Glued after the preposition بِ, it names those Allah's mocking is aimed at: 'at them'. L3 · R7
Allah's mocking of the hypocrites answers and punishes them for their behavior; scholars affirm that He does this not out of play but as a just recompense, using the same term for the deed and its punishment though the two differ in reality.
Ibn Kathir (abridged), on 2:15
So far: “Allah mocks them”
وَيَمُدُّهُمْ
(…and prolongs them)
Root مدد — to extend, stretch, supply, aid, reinforce · 32 times in the Quran
وَيَمُدُّهُمْword 4
Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word like 'and' that ties one part of speech to another. The prefix وَ here joins this action to the mocking before it: 'and prolongs them'. L4 · R4
Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَمُدُّ names an action — prolonging, extending — from the root مدد, to extend or stretch out. L1 · R7
Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb describes ongoing action and opens with one of the four prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَمُدُّ opens with يَ, marking a 'he' doer: 'He prolongs'. L8 · R3
Doubled Verb · فعل مضاعفA doubled verb has the same letter as its second and third root letters, written once with a shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped mark that doubles it. From the root مدد, the two د's fold together into the shaddah ـّ on يَمُدُّ. L24 · R10
Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending هُمْ on وَيَمُدُّهُمْ stands for 'them' — the ones being prolonged. L3 · R6
Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the person or thing the action lands on, and it takes the accusative — the ending usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter. The ending هُمْ on this verb is that object, 'them'; being a fixed-shape pronoun it shows no fathah, but the role it fills is that accusative one. L9 · R5
'And prolongs them' means, as the Companions explained, that He gives them respite, leaving them to increase in their deviation and rebellion.
Ibn Kathir (abridged), on 2:15
فِى طُغْيَـٰنِهِمْ
(…in their transgression,)
Root طغي — they exceeded limits · 39 times in the Quran
فِىword 5
Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. فِى is such a helper word here. L1 · R8
Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the noun right after it into the genitive — the ending for a noun after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. فِى 'in' does that here, and 'their transgression' after it sits in that genitive role. L4 · R1
طُغْيَـٰنِهِمْword 6
Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a thing or an idea. طُغْيَٰنِ names a thing — transgression, going beyond the limits — from the root طغي, to exceed the limits. L1 · R6
Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3
Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. طُغْيَٰنِ ends in that kasrah ـِ because the preposition فِى 'in' stands before it: 'in their transgression'. L2 · R12
Verbal Noun (Masdar) · المصدرA verbal noun names the action itself as a thing — from 'he transgressed' comes 'transgressing'. طُغْيَٰنِ, from the root طغي, names the act of going beyond the limits as a thing: their transgression. L22 · R2
Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'their' glued onto the end of a noun. The ending هِمْ on طُغْيَـٰنِهِمْ stands for 'their', naming whose transgression it is. L3 · R6
Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains an owner onto the thing owned, and the owner carries the genitive — the owner's ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending هِمْ 'their' is that owner glued onto طُغْيَٰنِ; a pronoun like هِمْ keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its owner slot carries: 'their transgression'. L5 · R5
Here transgression means to go beyond the limits; Allah leaves them in the misguidance and disbelief that has encompassed them, confused and unable to find a way out.
Ibn Kathir (abridged), on 2:15
يَعْمَهُونَ
(…[while] they wander blindly.)
Root عمه — to wander blindly, confusion · 7 times in the Quran
يَعْمَهُونَword 7
Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. يَعْمَهُونَ names an action — wandering blindly — from the root عمه, to wander in confusion. L1 · R7
Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb describes ongoing action and opens with one of the four prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَعْمَهُونَ opens with يَ, describing their present state: 'they wander blindly'. L8 · R3
The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present shapes ending in نَ, one being يَفْعَلُونَ 'they do'. يَعْمَهُونَ has that ونَ ending marking 'they', and its kept نَ shows it stands in its plain mood. L10 · R10
Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ونَ ending on يَعْمَهُونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'they' — the ones wandering blindly. L3 · R6
Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ونَ ending on يَعْمَهُونَ is that doer, 'they'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4
Allah has stamped and sealed their hearts and blinded their vision, so they wander in their deviation, unable to recognize guidance or find the way out.
Ibn Kathir (abridged), on 2:15
So far: “[But] Allāh mocks them and prolongs them in their transgression [while] they wander blindly.”