Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَسْتَهْزِئُ is an action unfolding now: 'mocks', from the root هزا: to mock, ridicule, make mockery. L1 · R7

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, and it can be a whole verb-sentence. The topic was ٱللَّهُ; يَسْتَهْزِئُ 'mocks' is the verb-sentence said about Him — Allah mocks them. L6 · R6

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَسْتَهْزِئُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'mocks', from the root هزا: to mock, ridicule, make mockery. L8 · R3

Hamzated Verb · فعل مهموزA hamzated verb has a hamza (ء) among its root letters. Built from the root هزا, يَسْتَهْزِئُ carries that hamza written as ئ near its end, keeping it among the hamzated kind. L24 · R11

Form X Verb · اِسْتَفْعَلَA Form X verb carries the added block اِسْتَـ, seen in the present as ـسْتَـ after the prefix. يَسْتَهْزِئُ shows that ـسْتَـ block on the root هزا, marking it as Form X. L13 · R6

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِهِمْ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هِمْ 'them'. Glued after the preposition بِ, it names those Allah's mocking is aimed at: 'at them'. L3 · R7

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَيَمُدُّهُمْ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَمُدُّ is an action unfolding now: 'and prolongs them', from the root مدد: to extend, stretch, supply, aid, reinforce. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَمُدُّ opens with exactly such a letter: 'and prolongs them', from the root مدد: to extend, stretch, supply, aid, reinforce. L8 · R3

Doubled Verb · فعل مضاعفA doubled verb has the same letter as its second and third root letters, written once with a shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped mark that doubles it. From the root مدد, the two د's fold together into the shaddah ـّ on يَمُدُّ. L24 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'me / us / them' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. هُمْ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — وَيَمُدُّهُمْ — naming the one the action lands on. L3 · R6

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the person or thing the action lands on, and it takes the accusative — the ending usually shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter. The ending هُمْ on this verb is that object, 'them'; being a fixed-shape pronoun it shows no fathah, but the role it fills is that accusative one. L9 · R5

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. فِى · 'in' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. فِى · 'in' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. طُغْيَٰنِ names such a thing: 'their transgression', from the root طغي: they exceeded limits. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. طُغْيَـٰنِهِمْ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. طُغْيَٰنِ stands right after such a little word and carries exactly that kasrah ـِ on its own final letter — tucked inside طُغْيَـٰنِهِمْ, just before the small piece fastened to the word's end. L2 · R12

Verbal Noun (Masdar) · المصدرA verbal noun names the action itself as a thing — from 'he transgressed' comes 'transgressing'. طُغْيَٰنِ, from the root طغي, names the act of going beyond the limits as a thing: their transgression. L22 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'their' glued onto the end of a noun. The ending هِمْ on طُغْيَـٰنِهِمْ stands for 'their', naming whose transgression it is. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains an owner onto the thing owned, and the owner carries the genitive — the owner's ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending هِمْ 'their' is that owner glued onto طُغْيَٰنِ; a pronoun like هِمْ keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its owner slot carries: 'their transgression'. L5 · R5

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. يَعْمَهُ is an action unfolding now: 'they wander blindly', from the root عمه: to wander blindly, confusion. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. يَعْمَهُ opens with exactly such a letter: 'they wander blindly', from the root عمه: to wander blindly, confusion. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. يَعْمَهُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'them/their' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — يَعْمَهُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ونَ ending on يَعْمَهُونَ is that doer, 'they'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4