Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel marks ـٌ ـً ـٍ — is a noun, a naming word. مُصَدِّقًا ends in the doubled fathah ـً and names a confirmer, from the root صدق: to be truthful; to confirm, verify. L1 · R2

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is general — not one already pointed out — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. مُصَدِّقًا ends in the doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. مُصَدِّقًا ends in that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root to name the doer of the action; for the derived verb families it begins with مُـ and carries a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below — before the last root letter. مُصَدِّقًا begins with مُـ and has that kasrah on its دِّ before the ق: 'one that confirms'. L11 · R3

Circumstantial (Hāl) · الحالThe ḥāl describes the state something is in while the action happens; it takes the accusative — here the doubled fathah ـً above its last letter — and is itself unmarked by ال. مُصَدِّقًا 'confirming' describes the state of what was sent down: it arrives confirming what is already with you. L21 · R5

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix لِّ 'to/for' ties the confirming to its target: confirming 'that which…'. L4 · R2

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a whole describing sentence onto something. مَا is the form used for non-human things — 'that which': that which is with you. L5 · R13

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مَعَ 'with' is such a helper word here. L1 · R8

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word right after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مَعَ means 'with': 'with you'. L4 · R1

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of another word; glued to a particle, it is governed by that particle. The ending كُمْ on مَعَكُمْ stands for 'you all' — the People of the Book holding the earlier revelation. L3 · R6

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word like 'and' that ties one statement to another. The prefix وَ joins this warning to the command to believe. L4 · R4

Prohibition Particle · لا الناهيةThe prohibition لَا means 'do not!' — it commands someone not to act, and trims the verb after it down to the jussive, the cut-short verb mood. Here it forbids: 'do NOT be the first to disbelieve'. L17 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or state tied to a time. تَكُونُ names a state — being — from the root كون, to be, exist, happen. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. تَكُونُوٓا۟ opens with the prefix تَ, the 'you' letter, always standing before the root letters. L8 · R3

Jussive Mood · الفعل المجزومThe jussive is the trimmed-down mood a present tense verb takes after words like the prohibition لَا 'do not'; for the 'you all' shape the marker is the dropping of the final نَ. تَكُونُوٓا۟ has lost exactly that نَ — the full shape would be تَكُونُونَ — showing that the لَا before it is a command not to be. L10 · R5

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself shows the mood: it stays in the normal mood and drops after trimming words. تَكُونُوٓا۟ is the 'you all do' shape with its نَ dropped — the sign that the prohibition لَا stands over it. L10 · R10

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is one whose root contains the weak letter و or ي. The root of تَكُونُوٓا۟ is كون: its middle و shows plainly here as the long و of ـكُونُـ. L24 · R2

Kāna Verb · كان وأخواتهاكَانَ 'to be' and its shapes are incomplete verbs: they need both a topic and a comment to finish their meaning, keeping the topic in the nominative — the ḍammah ـُ form — and pushing the comment into the accusative, the fathah ـَ form. In تَكُونُوٓا۟ the topic is the attached وٓا۟ 'you all', and the comment is أَوَّلَ 'the first', wearing that accusative fathah. L18 · R3

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وٓا۟ on تَكُونُوٓا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all' — the topic of 'be', a slot that stays in the nominative, the ḍammah ـُ form; the pronoun's fixed written shape carries that role. L3 · R6

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a person, thing, or idea. أَوَّلَ names 'the first', from the root اول — first, to interpret. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Singular Noun · مفردA singular noun refers to exactly one and shows its ending with a single short vowel mark. أَوَّلَ names one — the first — and carries the single fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above its last letter. L2 · R4

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. أَوَّلَ ends in that fathah ـَ: it is the comment of the verb 'be', and كَانَ-type verbs push their comment into this accusative form. L2 · R11

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel marks ـٌ ـً ـٍ — is a noun, a naming word. كَافِرٍۭ ends in the doubled kasrah ـٍ and names a disbeliever, from the root كفر, to disbelieve, reject faith. L1 · R2

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' — no particular one — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. كَافِرٍۭ ends in the doubled kasrah ـٍ: any disbeliever at all. L2 · R8

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter — doubled to tanwīn ـٍ when the word is indefinite. كَافِرٍۭ ends in that doubled kasrah ـٍ as the second word of 'the first OF the disbelievers'. L2 · R12

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the second is always in the genitive — shown here by the doubled kasrah ـٍ below its last letter. كَافِرٍۭ is that second half of أَوَّلَ كَافِرٍ: 'the first of any who disbelieve'. L5 · R5

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix بِ marks what the disbelieving would be aimed at: 'in it'. L4 · R2

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هِۦ 'it'. Joined after the preposition بِ, it names what must not be disbelieved in — the revelation sent down. L3 · R7

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word like 'and' that ties one statement to another. The prefix وَ joins this second warning to the first. L4 · R4

Prohibition Particle · لا الناهيةThe prohibition لَا means 'do not!' — it commands someone not to act, and trims the verb after it down to the jussive, the cut-short verb mood. Here it forbids: 'do NOT exchange My signs'. L17 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. تَشْتَرُ names an action — buying, trading — from the root شري, to buy, to purchase, to sell. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb is identified by one of the four prefix letters remembered as أَنَيْتُ. تَشْتَرُوا۟ opens with the prefix تَ, the 'you' letter, always standing before the root letters. L8 · R3

Jussive Mood · الفعل المجزومThe jussive is the trimmed-down mood a present tense verb takes after words like the prohibition لَا 'do not'; for the 'you all' shape the marker is the dropping of the final نَ. تَشْتَرُوا۟ has lost exactly that نَ, showing that the لَا before it is a command not to trade. L10 · R5

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present tense shapes ending in نَ, where that نَ itself shows the mood: it stays in the normal mood and drops after trimming words. تَشْتَرُوا۟ is the 'you all do' shape with its نَ dropped — the sign of the prohibition standing over it. L10 · R10

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is one whose root contains the weak letter و or ي — letters that love to vanish. The root of تَشْتَرُوا۟ is شري: its final weak ي has dropped away in this trimmed shape. L24 · R2

Form VIII Verb · اِفْتَعَلَA Form VIII verb tucks a ت inside, right after the first root letter, usually giving a do-it-for-oneself sense. In تَشْتَرُوا۟ that tucked ت sits right after the ش, the first letter of the root شري: to trade something away for oneself. L13 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on تَشْتَرُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all'. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ on تَشْتَرُوا۟ is that doer, 'you all'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the naming word after it into the genitive — the after-preposition ending, usually a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix بِ marks what would be given away in the trade: 'My signs'. L4 · R2

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a person, thing, or idea. ـَٔايَٰتِ names signs, from the root ايي — sign, verse, miracle. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she', typically marked by a ة at its end. This word is the plural of such a ة-marked word (ءَايَة, a sign); in the plural that feminine marking lives on in the ending ـَات. L2 · R1

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. The sound feminine plural — the plural of a feminine naming word — adds the ending ـَات, and ـَٔايَٰتِ carries that ending: many signs. L2 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter. ـَٔايَٰتِ carries that kasrah ـِ on its تِ because بِ stands before it. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'my' glued onto the end of another word. The ending ى on بِـَٔايَٰتِى stands for 'My': 'MY signs'. L3 · R7

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains an owner onto the thing owned, and the owner carries the genitive — the owner's ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending ى 'My' is that owner glued onto ـَٔايَٰتِ: 'the signs of Me'. A pronoun keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its owner slot carries. L5 · R5

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel marks ـٌ ـً ـٍ — is a noun, a naming word. ثَمَنًا ends in the doubled fathah ـً and names a price, from the root ثمن — price. L1 · R2

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' — no particular one — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. ثَمَنًا ends in the doubled fathah ـً: 'a price'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. ثَمَنًا ends in that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the doubled fathah ـً above its last letter. ثَمَنًا 'a price' is what the forbidden trade would take in. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA word that accepts tanwīn — the doubled end-vowel marks ـٌ ـً ـٍ — is a noun, a naming word; the category covers describing words like 'small'. قَلِيلًا ends in the doubled fathah ـً, from the root قلل, to be few, little, small in quantity. L1 · R2

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is general — not one already pointed out — and shows this with tanwīn, the doubled end-vowel mark. قَلِيلًا ends in the doubled fathah ـً, matching the word it describes. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. قَلِيلًا ends in that doubled fathah ـً, copying the ending of 'a price' before it. L2 · R11

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that comes after its noun and matches it in gender, number, ending, and definiteness. قَلِيلًا follows ثَمَنًا and matches it on all four: both are 'he'-words, both single, both indefinite with tanwīn, and both end in the doubled fathah ـً: 'a price — a SMALL one'. L7 · R1

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word meaning 'and' that ties one statement to another. The prefix وَ joins this final charge to the warnings before it. L4 · R4

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I / you / he'. إِيَّا is the special detached pronoun used when the one an action lands on is announced before the action itself, and the ـٰىَ fastened to it specifies who: 'Me'. Placed first like this, it carries the force of 'Me alone'. L3 · R5

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one an action lands on. Arabic normally puts the action-word first; announcing the object before it — إِيَّٰىَ فَٱتَّقُونِ, 'Me — so fear' — signals emphasis and exclusivity, restricting the fear to Allah alone. L9 · R6

Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word; فَ means 'and then / so', joining what follows in close sequence. The prefix فَ fastens the command 'fear' tightly onto the fronted 'Me alone'. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. ٱتَّقُ names an action — being mindful, guarding oneself in fear — from the root وقي, to fear Allah, guard against evil, consciousness of Allah. L1 · R7

Imperative Verb · فعل أمرAn imperative verb is a direct command addressed to 'you', formed from the present-tense verb by removing its prefix and adding a helping ٱ when what remains starts with a vowelless letter. ٱتَّقُ shows that helping ٱ, commanding a group: 'be mindful!'. L10 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb has و or ي among its root letters, and those weak letters love to vanish. The root of ٱتَّقُ is وقي: its first letter و has melted away into the doubled ت, and its final ي has dropped in this command shape — only the ق of the root stands plainly. L24 · R2

Form VIII Verb · اِفْتَعَلَA Form VIII verb tucks a ت inside, right after the first root letter, usually giving a do-it-for-oneself sense. In ٱتَّقُونِ the root's weak first letter و has merged into that tucked ت, leaving the doubled تَّ with the shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped doubling mark — as the form's visible trace: to take guard for oneself. L13 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. فَٱتَّقُونِ carries two: the و standing for 'you all', those commanded, and the closing نِ standing for 'me' — the One to be feared. L3 · R7

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The و in فَٱتَّقُونِ is that doer, 'you all'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. The closing نِ of فَٱتَّقُونِ stands for 'me': the mindfulness is to be of Allah alone. A pronoun keeps its fixed written shape, so no fathah appears — the accusative is the role it fills. L9 · R5