Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. مُصَدِّقًا names such a thing: 'confirming', from the root صدق: to be truthful, sincerity; to give charity; to confirm, verify. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. مُصَدِّقًۭا carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. مُصَدِّقًا carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'confirming'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. مُصَدِّقًا ends in that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Active Participle · اسم فاعلAn active participle is a naming word built from a verb's root to name the doer of the action; for the derived verb families it begins with مُـ and carries a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below — before the last root letter. مُصَدِّقًا begins with مُـ and has that kasrah on its دِّ before the ق: 'one that confirms'. L11 · R3

Circumstantial (Hāl) · الحالThe ḥāl describes the state something is in while the action happens; it takes the accusative — here the doubled fathah ـً above its last letter — and is itself unmarked by ال. مُصَدِّقًا 'confirming' describes the state of what was sent down: it arrives confirming what is already with you. L21 · R5

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix لِّ at the front of لِّمَا is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'to/for' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word that hooks a whole describing sentence onto its meaning. مَا · 'that which' is the relative word Arabic uses for non-human things — 'what' or 'that which' — one fixed shape for any gender and any number: its ending never changes to show its job in the sentence. L5 · R13

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مَعَ · 'with' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. مَعَ · 'with' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'me / us / them' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. كُمْ · 'you all/your' hangs on the little relation-word in مَعَكُمْ, governed by the word it is fastened to. L3 · R6

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَلَا is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Prohibition Particle · لا الناهيةThe prohibition لَا means 'do not!' — it commands someone not to act, and trims the verb after it down to the jussive, the cut-short verb mood. Here it forbids: 'do NOT be the first to disbelieve'. L17 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. تَكُونُ is an action unfolding now: 'be', from the root كون: to be, exist, happen. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb is the verb shape that opens with one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت; small helper words before it can bend its time and mood. تَكُونُ wears that present-tense shape, opening with exactly such a letter: 'be', from the root كون: to be, exist, happen. L8 · R3

Jussive Mood · الفعل المجزومThe jussive is the trimmed-down mood a present tense verb takes after words like the prohibition لَا 'do not'; for the 'you all' shape the marker is the dropping of the final نَ. تَكُونُوٓا۟ has lost exactly that نَ — the full shape would be تَكُونُونَ — showing that the لَا before it is a command not to be. L10 · R5

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. تَكُونُوٓا۟ is one of them, but here its closing ن has dropped away — and for these five shapes that dropped ن is itself the grammar-sign: it marks the jussive mood, the bent form a governing word before it forces on the verb. L10 · R10

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of تَكُونُ is كون: to be, exist, happen — and its middle letter is the weak و, so the weakness sits in the middle of the root. L24 · R4

Kāna Verb · كان وأخواتهاكَانَ 'to be' and its shapes are incomplete verbs: they need both a topic and a comment to finish their meaning, keeping the topic in the nominative — the ḍammah ـُ form — and pushing the comment into the accusative, the fathah ـَ form. In تَكُونُوٓا۟ the topic is the attached وٓا۟ 'you all', and the comment is أَوَّلَ 'the first', wearing that accusative fathah. L18 · R3

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وٓا۟ on تَكُونُوٓا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all' — the topic of 'be', a slot that stays in the nominative, the ḍammah ـُ form; the pronoun's fixed written shape carries that role. L3 · R6

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. أَوَّلَ names such a thing: '(the) first', from the root اول: to interpret, first, people of understanding. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. أَوَّلَ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Singular Noun · مفردA singular noun refers to exactly one and shows its ending with a single short vowel mark. أَوَّلَ names one — the first — and carries the single fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above its last letter. L2 · R4

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. أَوَّلَ ends in that fathah ـَ: it is the comment of the verb 'be', and كَانَ-type verbs push their comment into this accusative form. L2 · R11

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. كَافِرٍۭ names such a thing: 'disbeliever', from the root كفر: to disbelieve, reject faith; disbelief, ingratitude. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. كَافِرٍۭ carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. كَافِرٍۭ carries the tanwīn ـٍ — the kasrah ـِ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'disbeliever'. L2 · R8

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes as the owner in an 'of' phrase, shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke below the last letter — doubled to tanwīn ـٍ when the word is indefinite. كَافِرٍۭ ends in that doubled kasrah ـٍ as the second word of 'the first OF the disbelievers'. L2 · R12

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains two naming words into an 'of' phrase, and the second is always in the genitive — shown here by the doubled kasrah ـٍ below its last letter. كَافِرٍۭ is that second half of أَوَّلَ كَافِرٍ: 'the first of any who disbelieve'. L5 · R5

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِهِۦ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هِۦ 'it'. Joined after the preposition بِ, it names what must not be disbelieved in — the revelation sent down. L3 · R7

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَلَا is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Prohibition Particle · لا الناهيةThe prohibition لَا means 'do not!' — it commands someone not to act, and trims the verb after it down to the jussive, the cut-short verb mood. Here it forbids: 'do NOT exchange My signs'. L17 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. تَشْتَرُ is an action unfolding now: 'exchange', from the root شري: to buy, to purchase, to sell. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb is the verb shape that opens with one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت; small helper words before it can bend its time and mood. تَشْتَرُ wears that present-tense shape, opening with exactly such a letter: 'exchange', from the root شري: to buy, to purchase, to sell. L8 · R3

Jussive Mood · الفعل المجزومThe jussive is the trimmed-down mood a present tense verb takes after words like the prohibition لَا 'do not'; for the 'you all' shape the marker is the dropping of the final نَ. تَشْتَرُوا۟ has lost exactly that نَ, showing that the لَا before it is a command not to trade. L10 · R5

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. تَشْتَرُوا۟ is one of them, but here its closing ن has dropped away — and for these five shapes that dropped ن is itself the grammar-sign: it marks the jussive mood, the bent form a governing word before it forces on the verb. L10 · R10

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of تَشْتَرُ is شري: to buy, to purchase, to sell — and its last letter is the weak ي, so the weakness sits at the very end of the root. L24 · R7

Form VIII Verb · اِفْتَعَلَA Form VIII verb tucks a ت inside, right after the first root letter, usually giving a do-it-for-oneself sense. In تَشْتَرُوا۟ that tucked ت sits right after the ش, the first letter of the root شري: to trade something away for oneself. L13 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. وا۟ · 'you all/your' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — تَشْتَرُوا۟ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ on تَشْتَرُوا۟ is that doer, 'you all'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِـَٔايَـٰتِى is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a person, thing, or idea. ـَٔايَٰتِ names signs, from the root ايي — sign, verse, miracle. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. ـَٔايَٰتِ closes with the sound feminine plural ending ـَات — the ending Arabic adds to name three or more of something feminine — and that plural ending marks the word as feminine: 'My Signs (for)'. L2 · R6

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. The sound feminine plural — the plural of a feminine naming word — adds the ending ـَات, and ـَٔايَٰتِ carries that ending: many signs. L2 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. ـَٔايَٰتِ stands right after such a little word and carries exactly that kasrah ـِ on its own final letter — tucked inside بِـَٔايَـٰتِى, just before the small piece fastened to the word's end. L2 · R12

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'my' glued onto the end of another word. The ending ى on بِـَٔايَٰتِى stands for 'My': 'MY signs'. L3 · R6

Possessive (Idafa) · مضاف إليهA possessive (iḍāfah) chains an owner onto the thing owned, and the owner carries the genitive — the owner's ending, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke below the last letter. The ending ى 'My' is that owner glued onto ـَٔايَٰتِ: 'the signs of Me'. A pronoun keeps its fixed written shape, so no kasrah appears on it — the genitive is the role its owner slot carries. L5 · R5

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. ثَمَنًا names such a thing: 'a price', from the root ثمن: eight, price. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. ثَمَنًۭا carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. ثَمَنًا carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'a price'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. ثَمَنًا ends in that doubled fathah ـً. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, here the doubled fathah ـً above its last letter. ثَمَنًا 'a price' is what the forbidden trade would take in. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. قَلِيلًا names such a thing: 'small', from the root قلل: to be few, little, small in quantity or number. L1 · R6

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun is a naming word left general — not pinned to one known thing by the definite article ال ('the') — and it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. قَلِيلًا carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled: 'small'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the letter — doubled to tanwīn ـً when the word is indefinite. قَلِيلًا ends in that doubled fathah ـً, copying the ending of 'a price' before it. L2 · R11

Adjective · صفةAn adjective is a describing word that comes after its noun and matches it in gender, number, ending, and definiteness. قَلِيلًا follows ثَمَنًا and matches it on all four: both are 'he'-words, both single, both indefinite with tanwīn, and both end in the doubled fathah ـً: 'a price — a SMALL one'. L7 · R1

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَإِيَّـٰىَ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I / you / he'. إِيَّا is the special detached pronoun used when the one an action lands on is announced before the action itself, and the ـٰىَ fastened to it specifies who: 'Me'. Placed first like this, it carries the force of 'Me alone'. L3 · R5

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one an action lands on. Arabic normally puts the action-word first; announcing the object before it — إِيَّٰىَ فَٱتَّقُونِ, 'Me — so fear' — signals emphasis and exclusivity, restricting the fear to Allah alone. L9 · R6

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix فَ at the front of فَٱتَّقُونِ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and then' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. ٱتَّقُ is a command: 'fear [Me]', from the root وقي: to fear Allah, guard against evil, consciousness of Allah, piety. L1 · R7

Imperative Verb · فعل أمرAn imperative verb is a direct command addressed to 'you', formed from the present-tense verb by removing its prefix and adding a helping ٱ when what remains starts with a vowelless letter. ٱتَّقُ shows that helping ٱ, commanding a group: 'be mindful!'. L10 · R1

Weak Verb · فعل معتلA weak verb is a verb that carries و or ي — the 'weak' letters, which love to soften into long vowels or vanish — among its root letters. The root of ٱتَّقُ is وقي: to fear Allah, guard against evil, consciousness of Allah, piety — and not one but two of its letters are weak, و and ي: a doubly-weak root. L24 · R9

Form VIII Verb · اِفْتَعَلَA Form VIII verb tucks a ت inside, right after the first root letter, usually giving a do-it-for-oneself sense. In ٱتَّقُونِ the root's weak first letter و has merged into that tucked ت, leaving the doubled تَّ with the shaddah ـّ — the small w-shaped doubling mark — as the form's visible trace: to take guard for oneself. L13 · R4

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. و · 'you all/your' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — فَٱتَّقُونِ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The و in فَٱتَّقُونِ is that doer, 'you all'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the one the action lands on, standing in the accusative — the landed-on form, usually a fathah ـَ, a small slanted stroke above the last letter. The closing نِ of فَٱتَّقُونِ stands for 'me': the mindfulness is to be of Allah alone. A pronoun keeps its fixed written shape, so no fathah appears — the accusative is the role it fills. L9 · R5