[He] who made for you the earth a bed [spread out] and the sky a ceiling and sent down from the sky, rain and brought forth thereby fruits as provision for you. So do not attribute to Allāh equals while you know [that there is nothing similar to Him].
Sahih International
Grammar, phrase by phrase
ٱلَّذِى جَعَلَ لَكُمُ
([He] who made for you)
Root جعل — to put, place, make, effect, prepare, produce, appoint, fix, begin · 346 times in the Quran
ٱلَّذِىword 1
Relative Pronoun · اسم موصولA relative pronoun is a word like 'the One who' that hooks a whole describing sentence onto a noun. ٱلَّذِى means 'the One who', and what follows — 'made for you the earth a bed' — describes your Lord. L5 · R13
Apposition (Badal) · بدلApposition is a second word that renames the one before it to make it clearer. ٱلَّذِى 'the One who…' renames 'your Lord' from the verse before, telling more about Him: the One who made the earth a bed. L7 · R4
جَعَلَword 2
Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. جَعَلَ names an action — making, setting — from the root جعل, to put, make, or appoint. L1 · R7
Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes a completed action, its base form (a single 'He' doer) carrying no prefix. جَعَلَ names such an act: 'He made'. L8 · R1
لَكُمُword 3
Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the noun right after it into the genitive — the ending for a noun after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix لَ 'for' does that here, and the 'you' after it sits in that genitive role: 'for you'. L4 · R1
Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here كُمُ 'you all'. Glued after the preposition لَ, it names those the earth was made for: 'for you'. L3 · R7
Allah made the earth a resting place for them, like a bed, stable with the firm mountains.
Ibn Kathir (abridged), on 2:22
ٱلْأَرْضَ فِرَٰشًۭا
(…the earth a bed [spread out])
Root ارض — earth, land, ground · 461 times in the Quran
Root فرش — to spread out, carpets · 6 times in the Quran
ٱلْأَرْضَword 4
Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ ('the') fixed to the front of a noun to mark a specific, known thing. Here it marks أَرْضَ as 'the earth'. L2 · R9
Noun · اسمA word that accepts the prefix ٱلْ ('the') is a noun — a naming word. This word carries that prefix and names a thing, 'the earth', from the root ارض, earth or ground. L1 · R1
Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she'. 'Earth' is one of the words counted feminine without a visible marker, so أَرْضَ is treated as feminine. L2 · R2
Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. ٱلْأَرْضَ ends in that fathah ـَ, marking the earth as what He made. L2 · R11
Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, and it takes the accusative — the ending shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter. ٱلْأَرْضَ carries that fathah ـَ and is what He made into a bed. L9 · R3
فِرَٰشًۭاword 5
Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a thing. فِرَٰشًا names a thing — a bed, a spread-out resting place — from the root فرش, to spread out. L1 · R6
Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3
Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' something — no particular one — and shows this with the doubled end-vowel tanwīn. فِرَٰشًا carries the tanwīn ـً (a doubled fathah), marking it as 'a bed'. L2 · R8
Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes as the second thing the action shapes it into, usually shown by a fathah ـَ — or here the doubled tanwīn fathah ـً, a small stroke above the last letter. فِرَٰشًا carries that ـً: He made the earth into a bed. L2 · R11
Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, in the accusative — the ending shown by a fathah ـَ, here the doubled ـً. فِرَٰشًا carries that ـً, naming what the earth was made into: a bed. L9 · R3
وَٱلسَّمَآءَ بِنَآءًۭ
(…and the sky a ceiling)
Root سمو — to be high, elevated; name; sky, heaven · 381 times in the Quran
Root بني — yes · 184 times in the Quran
وَٱلسَّمَآءَword 6
Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word like 'and' that ties one item to another, and the joined item copies the case of the one before it. The prefix وَ joins 'the sky' to 'the earth', so it too takes the accusative — the fathah ـَ form. L4 · R4
Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل ('the') fixed to the front of a noun to mark a specific, known thing. Here it marks سَّمَآءَ as 'the sky'. L2 · R9
Noun · اسمA word that accepts the prefix ٱل ('the') is a noun — a naming word. This word carries that prefix and names a thing, 'the sky', from the root سمو, that which is high. L1 · R1
Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she'. سَّمَآءَ 'sky' is treated as feminine, ending in the alif + hamzah (اء) that often marks the feminine. L2 · R1
Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. ٱلسَّمَآءَ ends in that fathah ـَ, marking the sky as another thing He made. L2 · R11
Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, in the accusative — the fathah ـَ, a stroke above the last letter. ٱلسَّمَآءَ carries that fathah ـَ and is what He made into a ceiling. L9 · R3
بِنَآءًۭword 7
Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a thing. بِنَآءً names a thing — a canopy, a ceiling raised overhead — from the root بني, to build. L1 · R6
Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3
Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' something — no particular one — and shows this with the doubled end-vowel tanwīn. بِنَآءً carries the tanwīn ـً (a doubled fathah), marking it as 'a canopy'. L2 · R8
Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes as the thing the action shapes it into, usually a fathah ـَ — or here the doubled tanwīn fathah ـً, a small stroke above the last letter. بِنَآءً carries that ـً: He made the sky into a ceiling. L2 · R11
Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, in the accusative — the fathah ـَ, here the doubled ـً. بِنَآءً carries that ـً, naming what the sky was made into: a ceiling. L9 · R3
'And the sky as a canopy' means a ceiling — a roof, safe and well-guarded, raised over them.
Ibn Kathir (abridged), on 2:22
So far: “[He] who made for you the earth a bed [spread out] and the sky a ceiling”
وَأَنزَلَ مِنَ ٱلسَّمَآءِ مَآءًۭ
(…and sent down from the sky, rain)
Root نزل — to come down, descend, send down, reveal · 293 times in the Quran
Root سمو — to be high, elevated; name; sky, heaven · 381 times in the Quran
Root موه — water · 63 times in the Quran
وَأَنزَلَword 8
Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word like 'and' that ties one part of speech to another. The prefix وَ here joins this action to the making before it: 'and sent down'. L4 · R4
Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. أَنزَلَ names an action — sending down — from the root نزل, to come down or send down. L1 · R7
Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes a completed action, its base form (a single 'He' doer) carrying no ending glued to its tail. أَنزَلَ is that bare base: 'He sent down'. The أَ at its front is not a present-tense marker letter; it belongs to the verb's Form IV pattern. L8 · R1
Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb adds a hamza to the front of the three root letters, often making the action reach outward. أَنزَلَ, from the root نزل, carries that added hamza at its front: 'He sent down'. L12 · R5
مِنَword 9
Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِنَ is such a helper word here. L1 · R8
Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the noun right after it into the genitive — the ending for a noun after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنَ 'from' does that here: 'from the sky'. L4 · R1
ٱلسَّمَآءِword 10
Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل ('the') fixed to the front of a noun to mark a specific, known thing. Here it marks سَّمَآءِ as 'the sky'. L2 · R9
Noun · اسمA word that accepts the prefix ٱل ('the') is a noun — a naming word. This word carries that prefix and names a thing, 'the sky', from the root سمو, that which is high. L1 · R1
Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she'. سَّمَآءِ 'sky' is treated as feminine, ending in the alif + hamzah (اء) that often marks the feminine. L2 · R1
Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. ٱلسَّمَآءِ ends in that kasrah ـِ because the preposition مِنَ 'from' stands before it: 'from the sky'. L2 · R12
مَآءًۭword 11
Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a thing. مَآءً names a thing — water, rain — from the root موه, water. L1 · R6
Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3
Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'some' something — no particular one — and shows this with the doubled end-vowel tanwīn. مَآءً carries the tanwīn ـً (a doubled fathah), marking it as 'water' generally. L2 · R8
Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually a fathah ـَ — or here the doubled tanwīn fathah ـً, a small stroke above the last letter. مَآءً carries that ـً, marking the water as what He sent down. L2 · R11
Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, in the accusative — the fathah ـَ, here the doubled ـً. مَآءً carries that ـً and is what He sent down — the rain. L9 · R3
Allah sends down rain from the clouds when people need it, and by it causes the various vegetation and fruits to grow as sustenance for people and their cattle.
Ibn Kathir (abridged), on 2:22
فَأَخْرَجَ بِهِۦ
(…and brought forth thereby)
Root خرج — to go out, bring forth · 182 times in the Quran
فَأَخْرَجَword 12
Conjunction · حرف عطفA conjunction is a small joining word like 'and then' that ties one part of speech to another. The prefix فَ here joins this action to the sending-down before it: 'and brought forth'. L4 · R4
Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. أَخْرَجَ names an action — bringing forth — from the root خرج, to go out or bring forth. L1 · R7
Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past tense verb describes a completed action, its base form (a single 'He' doer) carrying no ending glued to its tail. أَخْرَجَ is that bare base: 'He brought forth'. The أَ at its front is not a present-tense marker letter; it belongs to the verb's Form IV pattern. L8 · R1
Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb adds a hamza to the front of the three root letters, often making the action reach outward. أَخْرَجَ, from the root خرج, carries that added hamza at its front: 'He brought forth'. L12 · R5
بِهِۦword 13
Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the noun right after it into the genitive — the ending for a noun after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix بِ 'by/thereby' does that here, and the 'it' after it sits in that genitive role: 'thereby'. L4 · R1
Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هِۦ 'it'. Glued after the preposition بِ, it points back to the water: 'thereby' — by means of the water. L3 · R7
مِنَ ٱلثَّمَرَٰتِ رِزْقًۭا لَّكُمْ ۖ
(…fruits as provision for you.)
Root ثمر — fruit, to bear fruit · 24 times in the Quran
Root رزق — to provide, necessaries of life, good, grant, bestow · 123 times in the Quran
مِنَword 14
Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word with no meaning standing alone; it takes no ending and does not name or act. مِنَ is such a helper word here. L1 · R8
Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the noun right after it into the genitive — the ending for a noun after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. مِنَ 'of' does that here: 'of the fruits'. L4 · R1
ٱلثَّمَرَٰتِword 15
Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل ('the') fixed to the front of a noun to mark a specific, known thing. Here it marks ثَّمَرَٰتِ as 'the fruits'. L2 · R9
Noun · اسمA word that accepts the prefix ٱل ('the') is a noun — a naming word. This word carries that prefix and names things, 'the fruits', from the root ثمر, fruit. L1 · R1
Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as 'she'. Its sound feminine plural ending ـَاتِ marks this word as feminine: fruits. L2 · R6
Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. The sound feminine plural adds the ending ـَاتِ. ٱلثَّمَرَٰتِ ends in ـَاتِ, so it names the many fruits. L2 · R6
Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. ٱلثَّمَرَٰتِ ends in that kasrah ـِ (in its ـَاتِ) because the preposition مِنَ 'of' stands before it: 'of the fruits'. L2 · R12
رِزْقًۭاword 16
Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a thing. رِزْقًا names a thing — provision, sustenance — from the root رزق, to provide or grant. L1 · R6
Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3
Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'some' something — no particular one — and shows this with the doubled end-vowel tanwīn. رِزْقًا carries the tanwīn ـً (a doubled fathah), marking it as 'provision' generally. L2 · R8
Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually a fathah ـَ — or here the doubled tanwīn fathah ـً, a small stroke above the last letter. رِزْقًا carries that ـً, marking the fruits as brought forth to be provision. L2 · R11
Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, in the accusative — the fathah ـَ, here the doubled ـً. رِزْقًا carries that ـً, naming what the fruits were brought forth as: provision. L9 · R3
لَّكُمْ ۖword 17
Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the noun right after it into the genitive — the ending for a noun after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix لَّ 'for' does that here, and the 'you' after it sits in that genitive role: 'for you'. L4 · R1
Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here كُمْ 'you all'. Glued after the preposition لَّ, it names those the provision is for: 'for you'. L3 · R7
So far: “[He] who made for you the earth a bed [spread out] and the sky a ceiling and sent down from the sky, rain and brought forth thereby fruits as provision for you.”
فَلَا تَجْعَلُوا۟
(So do not attribute)
Root جعل — to put, place, make, effect, prepare, produce, appoint, fix, begin · 346 times in the Quran
فَلَاword 18
Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or shift. The prefix فَ here opens the command that follows from all the blessings named: 'So do not attribute rivals…'. L14 · R1
Prohibition Particle · لا الناهيةThe prohibition particle is لَا meaning 'do not!', a command not to act, and it trims the verb after it down to the jussive — the cut-short mood shown by a dropped final نَ on this kind of verb. لَا here forbids the deed: 'do not set up rivals'. L17 · R6
تَجْعَلُوا۟word 19
Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. تَجْعَلُوا۟ names an action — setting up, making — from the root جعل, to put, make, or appoint. L1 · R7
Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb describes ongoing or coming action and opens with one of the four prefixes أ ن ي ت. تَجْعَلُوا۟ opens with تَ, marking a 'you' doer: 'you set up'. L8 · R3
Jussive Mood · الفعل المجزومThe jussive mood is the cut-short present form a verb takes after a particle like the prohibition لَا; for this kind of plural verb its sign is the dropping of the final نَ. تَجْعَلُوا۟ has lost that final نَ — the plain form would be تَجْعَلُونَ — showing the prohibition لَا before it: 'do not set up'. L10 · R10
The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present shapes that in their plain mood end in نَ, one being تَفْعَلُونَ 'you all do'. Here that نَ has dropped — تَجْعَلُوا۟ instead of تَجْعَلُونَ — the very sign that a mood-changing particle, the prohibition لَا, stands before it. L10 · R10
Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ending وا۟ on تَجْعَلُوا۟ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all' — those forbidden to set up rivals. L3 · R6
Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ on تَجْعَلُوا۟ is that doer, 'you all'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4
لِلَّهِ أَندَادًۭا
(…to Allah equals)
Root اله — god · 2,851 times in the Quran
Root ندد — rivals, equals set up in opposition or worship · 6 times in the Quran
لِلَّهِword 20
Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little word that relates one thing to another and pulls the noun right after it into the genitive — the ending for a noun after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ, a small stroke below the last letter. The prefix لِ 'to' does that here: 'to Allah'. L4 · R1
Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a person, place, or being. لَّهِ here is the name of God, ٱللَّه, from the root اله, god. L1 · R6
Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a naming word takes after a preposition, usually shown by a kasrah ـِ — a small stroke below the last letter. لَّهِ ends in that kasrah ـِ because the preposition لِ 'to' stands before it: 'to Allah'. L2 · R12
أَندَادًۭاword 21
Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for things. أَندَادًا names things — rivals, equals set up against Allah — from the root ندد, rivals or equals. L1 · R6
Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3
Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. أَندَادًا is a 'broken' plural — its inner shape reshaped from the singular — naming many rivals. L2 · R6
Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'any' something — no particular one — and shows this with the doubled end-vowel tanwīn. أَندَادًا carries the tanwīn ـً (a doubled fathah), marking it as rivals of no fixed kind. L2 · R8
Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually a fathah ـَ — or here the doubled tanwīn fathah ـً, a small stroke above the last letter. أَندَادًا carries that ـً, marking rivals as what one is forbidden to set up. L2 · R11
Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, in the accusative — the fathah ـَ, here the doubled ـً. أَندَادًا carries that ـً and is what one must not set up: equals to Allah. L9 · R3
The worst of deeds is to take an equal with Allah while He alone created you; He is the Creator, Sustainer, and Provider, so no partner is to be set up with Him in worship.
Ibn Kathir (abridged), on 2:22
وَأَنتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ
(…while you know [that there is nothing similar to Him].)
Root علم — to know, knowledge · 854 times in the Quran
وَأَنتُمْword 22
Circumstantial Particle · واو الحالThe circumstantial particle is a وَ meaning 'while', starting a mini-sentence that describes the state during the main action. The prefix وَ here opens 'while you know', telling the state they are in. L14 · R3
Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I', 'you', 'they', and the like. أَنتُمْ is the standalone word 'you all', naming those addressed. L3 · R2
Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the word a mini-sentence talks about — its topic — standing in the nominative, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. أَنتُمْ 'you' stands as this topic; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one, and 'know' is said about them. L6 · R2
Circumstantial (Hāl) · الحالThe circumstantial describes the state someone is in while the action happens — 'while you know'. Here the mini-sentence 'you know' tells the state of those forbidden to set up rivals: they do so while they know better. L21 · R6
تَعْلَمُونَword 23
Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action tied to a time. تَعْلَمُونَ names an action — knowing — from the root علم, to know. L1 · R7
Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, and it can be a whole verb-sentence. The topic was أَنتُمْ 'you'; تَعْلَمُونَ 'know' is the verb-sentence said about them: while you know. L6 · R6
Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present tense verb describes ongoing action and opens with one of the four prefixes أ ن ي ت. تَعْلَمُونَ opens with تَ, marking a 'you' doer: 'you know'. L8 · R3
The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present shapes ending in نَ, one being تَفْعَلُونَ 'you all do'. تَعْلَمُونَ has that ونَ ending marking 'you all', and its kept نَ shows it stands in its plain mood. L10 · R10
Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word glued onto the end of a verb. The ونَ ending on تَعْلَمُونَ is such a suffix, standing for 'you all' — the ones who know. L3 · R6
Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ونَ ending on تَعْلَمُونَ is that doer, 'you all'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4
They set up rivals while they know that Allah alone has the right to be worshipped, for He alone created and sustains them.
Ibn Kathir (abridged), on 2:22
So far: “[He] who made for you the earth a bed [spread out] and the sky a ceiling and sent down from the sky, rain and brought forth thereby fruits as provision for you. So do not attribute to Allāh equals while you know [that there is nothing similar to Him].”