Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱلْ at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. The letter after it is a 'moon' letter — a letter not made in the same part of the mouth as ل — so the ل of the prefix keeps its own sound, both written and heard, resting with the sukūn ـْ (a small circle written above the letter): ٱلْأَرْضَ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. أَرْضَ names such a thing: 'the earth', from the root ارض: earth, land, ground. L1 · R6

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. Most feminine nouns wear a visible marker — a ة at the end, a final ى, or اء — but أَرْضَ shows none of these: it is one of the words Arabic simply knows as feminine, learned with the word itself: 'the earth'. L2 · R2

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. ٱلْأَرْضَ ends in that fathah ـَ, marking the earth as what He made. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, and it takes the accusative — the ending shown by a fathah ـَ, a small stroke above the last letter. ٱلْأَرْضَ carries that fathah ـَ and is what He made into a bed. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. فِرَٰشًا names such a thing: 'a resting place', from the root فرش: to spread out, carpets. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. فِرَٰشًۭا carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. فِرَٰشًا carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'a resting place'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes as the second thing the action shapes it into, usually shown by a fathah ـَ — or here the doubled tanwīn fathah ـً, a small stroke above the last letter. فِرَٰشًا carries that ـً: He made the earth into a bed. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, in the accusative — the ending shown by a fathah ـَ, here the doubled ـً. فِرَٰشًا carries that ـً, naming what the earth was made into: a bed. L9 · R3

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَٱلسَّمَآءَ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, س, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: وَٱلسَّمَآءَ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts the prefix ٱل ('the') is a noun — a naming word. This word carries that prefix and names a thing, 'the sky', from the root سمو, that which is high. L1 · R1

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'; one of its markers is the ending اء — an alif followed by the letter hamzah. سَّمَآءَ ends with exactly that اء, so it is treated as feminine: 'and the sky'. L2 · R1

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually shown by a fathah ـَ — a small slanted stroke above the last letter. ٱلسَّمَآءَ ends in that fathah ـَ, marking the sky as another thing He made. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, in the accusative — the fathah ـَ, a stroke above the last letter. ٱلسَّمَآءَ carries that fathah ـَ and is what He made into a ceiling. L9 · R3

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a thing. بِنَآءً names a thing — a canopy, a ceiling raised overhead — from the root بني, to build. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. بِنَآءً carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'a canopy'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes as the thing the action shapes it into, usually a fathah ـَ — or here the doubled tanwīn fathah ـً, a small stroke above the last letter. بِنَآءً carries that ـً: He made the sky into a ceiling. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, in the accusative — the fathah ـَ, here the doubled ـً. بِنَآءً carries that ـً, naming what the sky was made into: a ceiling. L9 · R3

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix وَ at the front of وَأَنزَلَ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. أَنزَلَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'and sent down', from the root نزل: to come down, descend, send down, reveal. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed. Its plain base shape — the shape Arabic uses for a single 'he' — carries no who-ending glued to its tail, and أَنزَلَ is exactly that bare base: 'and sent down', from the root نزل: to come down, descend, send down, reveal. L8 · R1

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters — the way سَلِمَ 'was safe' becomes أَسْلَمَ 'submitted' — often giving the sense of making or causing the action. أَنزَلَ carries that added hamza at its front: 'and sent down', from the root نزل: to come down, descend, send down, reveal. L12 · R5

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مِنَ · 'from/of' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. مِنَ · 'from/of' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, س, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: ٱلسَّمَآءِ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts the prefix ٱل ('the') is a noun — a naming word. This word carries that prefix and names a thing, 'the sky', from the root سمو, that which is high. L1 · R1

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'; one of its markers is the ending اء — an alif followed by the letter hamzah. سَّمَآءِ ends with exactly that اء, so it is treated as feminine: 'the sky'. L2 · R1

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. سَّمَآءِ stands right after such a little word, so its final letter carries exactly that kasrah ـِ: ٱلسَّمَآءِ. L2 · R12

Noun · اسمA noun is a naming word for a thing. مَآءً names a thing — water, rain — from the root موه, water. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every naming word as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. This word carries no feminine marker such as a ة at its end, so it falls to the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. مَآءً carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'water'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually a fathah ـَ — or here the doubled tanwīn fathah ـً, a small stroke above the last letter. مَآءً carries that ـً, marking the water as what He sent down. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, in the accusative — the fathah ـَ, here the doubled ـً. مَآءً carries that ـً and is what He sent down — the rain. L9 · R3

Conjunction · حرف عطفThe prefix فَ at the front of فَأَخْرَجَ is a conjunction — a small joining word meaning 'and then' — linking what follows to what came before; the word it joins in must stand in the same grammatical case as its partner before the joint — the same role in the sentence, even when the two words write that case with different endings. L4 · R4

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. أَخْرَجَ speaks of an action already carried out: 'then brought forth', from the root خرج: to go out, bring forth. L1 · R7

Past Tense Verb · فعل ماضٍA past-tense verb describes an action already completed. Its plain base shape — the shape Arabic uses for a single 'he' — carries no who-ending glued to its tail, and أَخْرَجَ is exactly that bare base: 'then brought forth', from the root خرج: to go out, bring forth. L8 · R1

Form IV Verb · أَفْعَلَA Form IV verb is a verb stamped into the pattern that adds a hamza to the front of its three root letters — the way سَلِمَ 'was safe' becomes أَسْلَمَ 'submitted' — often giving the sense of making or causing the action. أَخْرَجَ carries that added hamza at its front: 'then brought forth', from the root خرج: to go out, bring forth. L12 · R5

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix بِ at the front of بِهِۦ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'in/with' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here هِۦ 'it'. Glued after the preposition بِ, it points back to the water: 'thereby' — by means of the water. L3 · R7

Particle · حرفA particle is a small helper word of one to three letters that works like glue — it connects or adjusts other words rather than naming something or describing an action, and it can never be the one a sentence is about. مِنَ · 'from/of' is such a helper. L1 · R9

Preposition · حرف جرA preposition is a little helper word that relates one thing to another; Arabic keeps a short list of them — small words like فِي 'in', مِنْ 'from', and عَلَىٰ 'on'. مِنَ · 'from/of' is one of these relation-words. L4 · R2

Definite Article · أل التعريفThe definite article is the prefix ٱل at the front of a noun (a naming word); it means 'the' — one specific, known one. Because the next letter, ث, is one of the fourteen 'sun-letters' — letters made in the same part of the mouth as ل itself, which swallow the ل of ٱل so it is written but not heard — the ل of the prefix melts into it and doubles it, shown by the shaddah ـّ — a small w-shaped doubling mark written above the letter: ٱلثَّمَرَٰتِ. L2 · R9

Noun · اسمA word that accepts the prefix ٱل ('the') is a noun — a naming word. This word carries that prefix and names things, 'the fruits', from the root ثمر, fruit. L1 · R1

Feminine Noun · اسم مؤنثA feminine noun is a naming word Arabic treats as grammatically 'she'. ثَّمَرَٰتِ closes with the sound feminine plural ending ـَات — the ending Arabic adds to name three or more of something feminine — and that plural ending marks the word as feminine: 'the fruits'. L2 · R6

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. The sound feminine plural adds the ending ـَاتِ. ٱلثَّمَرَٰتِ ends in ـَاتِ, so it names the many fruits. L2 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. ثَّمَرَٰتِ stands right after such a little word, so its final letter carries exactly that kasrah ـِ: ٱلثَّمَرَٰتِ. L2 · R12

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. رِزْقًا names such a thing: '(as) provision', from the root رزق: to provide, necessaries of life, good, grant, bestow. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. رِزْقًۭا carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. رِزْقًا carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: '(as) provision'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually a fathah ـَ — or here the doubled tanwīn fathah ـً, a small stroke above the last letter. رِزْقًا carries that ـً, marking the fruits as brought forth to be provision. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, in the accusative — the fathah ـَ, here the doubled ـً. رِزْقًا carries that ـً, naming what the fruits were brought forth as: provision. L9 · R3

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix لَّ at the front of لَّكُمْ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'to/for' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the word that follows it into the genitive relationship — the 'of / in / with' role a word plays after such a little helper — though not every word shows that role with the same visible ending. L4 · R1

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA pronoun is a mini-word standing in for a name, here كُمْ 'you all'. Glued after the preposition لَّ, it names those the provision is for: 'for you'. L3 · R7

Resumptive Particle · حرف استئنافA resumptive particle is a وَ or فَ that begins a fresh statement after a pause or a shift of topic — it starts the speech anew rather than adding one more item to a list. The prefix فَ · 'then' at the front of فَلَا opens such a fresh start. L14 · R1

Prohibition Particle · لا الناهيةThe prohibition particle is لَا meaning 'do not!', a command not to act, and it trims the verb after it down to the jussive — the cut-short mood shown by a dropped final نَ on this kind of verb. لَا here forbids the deed: 'do not set up rivals'. L17 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. تَجْعَلُ is an action unfolding now: 'set up', from the root جعل: to put, place, make, effect, prepare, produce, appoint, fix, begin. L1 · R7

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb is the verb shape that opens with one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت; small helper words before it can bend its time and mood. تَجْعَلُ wears that present-tense shape, opening with exactly such a letter: 'set up', from the root جعل: to put, place, make, effect, prepare, produce, appoint, fix, begin. L8 · R3

Jussive Mood · الفعل المجزومThe jussive mood is the cut-short present form a verb takes after a particle like the prohibition لَا; for this kind of plural verb its sign is the dropping of the final نَ. تَجْعَلُوا۟ has lost that final نَ — the plain form would be تَجْعَلُونَ — showing the prohibition لَا before it: 'do not set up'. L10 · R10

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. تَجْعَلُوا۟ is one of them, but here its closing ن has dropped away — and for these five shapes that dropped ن is itself the grammar-sign: it marks the jussive mood, the bent form a governing word before it forces on the verb. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. وا۟ · 'you all/your' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — تَجْعَلُوا۟ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ending وا۟ on تَجْعَلُوا۟ is that doer, 'you all'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4

Preposition · حرف جرThe small prefix لِ at the front of لِلَّهِ is a preposition — a little helper word meaning 'to/for' that relates one thing to another. A preposition 'pulls' the naming word after it into the genitive, the ending marked by a kasrah ـِ — a small slanted stroke written below the letter — and لِلَّهِ ends with exactly that kasrah ـِ. L4 · R1

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea — and in Arabic this includes proper names. لَّهِ is a proper name: 'to Allah'. L1 · R6

Genitive · مجرورThe genitive is the ending a noun (a naming word) takes after a preposition — a little word like 'in' or 'to' — and it is marked by a kasrah ـِ, a small slanted stroke written below the letter. لَّهِ stands right after such a little word, so its final letter carries exactly that kasrah ـِ: لِلَّهِ. L2 · R12

Noun · اسمA noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. أَندَادًا names such a thing: 'rivals', from the root ندد: rivals, equals set up in opposition or worship. L1 · R6

Masculine Noun · اسم مذكرArabic treats every noun — every naming word — as grammatically 'he' or 'she'. أَندَادًۭا carries no feminine marker — no ة at its end, no final ى, no اء — so it takes the default and is treated as 'he': a masculine noun. L2 · R3

Plural Noun · جمعA plural noun refers to three or more. أَندَادًا is a 'broken' plural — its inner shape reshaped from the singular — naming many rivals. L2 · R6

Indefinite Noun · نكرةAn indefinite noun means 'a' or 'any' one of something — no particular one — and it never wears the definite article ال ('the'); instead it shows this with tanwīn, a doubled end-vowel mark. أَندَادًا carries the tanwīn ـً — the fathah ـَ doubled — marking it as unspecified: 'rivals'. L2 · R8

Accusative · منصوبThe accusative is the ending a naming word takes when the action lands on it, usually a fathah ـَ — or here the doubled tanwīn fathah ـً, a small stroke above the last letter. أَندَادًا carries that ـً, marking rivals as what one is forbidden to set up. L2 · R11

Direct Object · مفعول بهThe direct object is the thing the action lands on, in the accusative — the fathah ـَ, here the doubled ـً. أَندَادًا carries that ـً and is what one must not set up: equals to Allah. L9 · R3

Circumstantial Particle · واو الحالThe circumstantial particle is a وَ meaning 'while', starting a mini-sentence that describes the state during the main action. The prefix وَ here opens 'while you know', telling the state they are in. L14 · R3

Detached Pronoun · ضمير منفصلA detached pronoun is a standalone word for 'I', 'you', 'they', and the like. أَنتُمْ is the standalone word 'you all', naming those addressed. L3 · R2

Subject (Mubtada') · مبتدأThe subject is the word a mini-sentence talks about — its topic — standing in the nominative, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. أَنتُمْ 'you' stands as this topic; a pronoun keeps one fixed shape, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one, and 'know' is said about them. L6 · R2

Circumstantial (Hāl) · الحالThe circumstantial describes the state someone is in while the action happens — 'while you know'. Here the mini-sentence 'you know' tells the state of those forbidden to set up rivals: they do so while they know better. L21 · R6

Verb · فعلA verb is a word for an action or happening that is always tied to a time — past, present/future, or a command. تَعْلَمُ is an action unfolding now: '[you] know', from the root علم: to know, knowledge. L1 · R7

Predicate (Khabar) · خبرThe predicate is the part that tells you something about the topic, and it can be a whole verb-sentence. The topic was أَنتُمْ 'you'; تَعْلَمُونَ 'know' is the verb-sentence said about them: while you know. L6 · R6

Present Tense Verb · فعل مضارعA present-tense verb describes an action happening now or still to come, and it is recognized by its opening letter — one of the four present-tense prefixes أ ن ي ت. تَعْلَمُ opens with exactly such a letter: '[you] know', from the root علم: to know, knowledge. L8 · R3

The Five Verbs · الأفعال الخمسةThe Five Verbs are the five present-tense shapes whose ending closes with the letter ن — يَفْعَلَانِ, تَفْعَلَانِ, يَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلُونَ, تَفْعَلِينَ. تَعْلَمُونَ is one of them: its ending ونَ keeps that closing ن, and for these five shapes the kept ن is itself the grammar-sign that the verb stands in its plain, ordinary mood. L10 · R10

Attached Pronoun · ضمير متصلAn attached pronoun is a mini-word for 'I / you / he' that cannot stand alone — it is glued onto the end of another word, and each form carries within it exactly who is meant. ونَ · 'you all/your' is fastened to the tail of the verb here — تَعْلَمُونَ — naming the one who did the action. L3 · R6

Doer (Fa'il) · فاعلThe doer is the one performing the action, so it stands in the nominative — the doer's form, usually shown by a ḍammah ـُ, a small curl above the last letter. The ونَ ending on تَعْلَمُونَ is that doer, 'you all'; on this attached pronoun the shape is fixed, so no ḍammah appears, but the role it fills is the nominative one. L9 · R4